A United States of Europe?: Mapping and designing constitution-making for Europe

• Gonzalez Cadenas, Diego ^[1]
  1. [1] Universitat de València

     Universitat de València

     Valencia, España

     
• Localización: Estudios de Deusto: revista de Derecho Público, ISSN 0423-4847, Vol. 68, Nº. 2, 2020, págs. 141-167
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.18543/ed-68(2)-2020pp141-167
• Títulos paralelos:
  • ¿Estados Unidos de Europa? Mapeo y diseño de constituciones para Europa
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Resumen
  • español

    En los últimos tiempos, académicos, intelectuales públicos, movimientos políticos y sociales y destacados líderes políticos europeos de diferentes orientaciones ideológicas han hecho un llamamiento a la creación de unos Estados Unidos de Europa. Desde su punto de vista, enfrentar la crisis de legitimidad de la UE requiere una renovación democrática a través de un proceso constituyente. Sin embargo, estas declaraciones no han sido acompañadas por un diseño específico sobre cómo instituir esta nueva Constitución Europea. Con el objeto de discutir las posibles vías de poner en práctica esta idea, este artículo presenta las principales formulaciones del poder constituyente europeo y su traducción a un diseño concreto de constitution-making.

    Recibido: 16.06.2020Aceptado: 21.12.2020

  • English

    In recent times, scholars, public intellectuals, political and social movements and prominent European political leaders of different ideological orientations have called for a United States of Europe. From their point of view, facing the EU legitimacy crisis requires a democratic renewal through a constituent process. However, these statements have not been accompanied by a specific design on how to institute this new European Constitution. To discuss possible ways to operationalize this idea, this paper presents the chief formulations of the European constituent power and its translation into a concrete constitution-making design.

    Received: 16.06.2020Accepted: 21.12.2020

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Aguilar Calahorro, Augusto. 2014. ‘La Decisión Pringle En El Proceso de Constitucionalización de La Unión Europea’. Revista Española de Derecho...
  • Aparicio Wilhelmi, Marco. 2011. ‘Nuevo Constitucionalismo, Derechos y Medioambiente En Las Constituciones de Ecuador y Bolivia’. Revista General de...
  • Arato, Andrew. 2017. The Adventures of the Constituent Power Beyond Revolutions? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Banks, Angela. 2008. ‘Expanding Participation in Constitution Making: Challenges and Opportunities’. William & Mary Law Review 49 (4):...
  • Benomar, Jamal. 2004. ‘Constitution-Making after Conflict: Lessons for Iraq’. Journal of Democracy 15 (2): 81–95.
  • Blount, Justin, Zachary Elkins, and Tom Ginsburg. 2012. ‘Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?’ Comparative Constitutional Design,...
  • Böckenförde, Markus, Nora Hedling, and Winluck Wahiu. 2011. A Pracical Guide to Constitution Building. Stockholm: International Institute...
  • Bocquillon, Pierre, and Mathias Dobbels. 2014. ‘An Elephant on the 13th Floor of the Berlaymont? European Council and Commission Relations...
  • Brandt, Michele, Jill Cottrell, Yash Ghai, and Anthony Regan. 2011. ConstitutionMaking and Reform. Interpeace.
  • Braver, Joshua. 2017. ‘Constituent Power as Extraordinary Adaptation’.
  • Bressanelli, Edoardo, and Nicola Chelotti. 2016. ‘The Shadow of the European Council. Understanding Legislation on Economic Governance’. Journal...
  • Bugaric, Bojan. 2013. ‘Europe Against the Left? On Legal Limits to Progressive Politics’. LSE ‘Europe in Question’ Discussion Paper Series,...
  • Cabo Martín, Carlos De. 2003. La Reforma Constitucional En La Perspectiva de Las Fuentes Del Derecho. Madrid: Trotta.
  • Cabo Martín, Carlos De. 2009. Dialéctica Del Sujeto, Dialéctica de La Constitución. Madrid: Trotta.
  • Carammia, Marcello, Sebastiaan Princen, and Arco Timmermans. 2016. ‘From Summitry to EU Government: An Agenda Formation Perspective on the...
  • Carreras Serra, Francesc De. 1995. ‘Por Una Constitución Europea’. Revista de Estudios Políticos, no. 90: 193–220.
  • Chalmers, Damian, Markus Jachtenfuchs, and Christian Joerges. 2016. The End of the Eurocrats’ Dream. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Colón-Ríos, Joel I. 2011. ‘Carl Schmitt and Constituent Power in Latin American Courts: The Cases of Venezuela and Colombia’. Constellations...
  • Commission des Affaires Européennes. 2017. ‘Groupe de Travail Sur Les Conventiones Démocratiques de Refondation de l’Europe’.
  • Contreras Casado, Manuel. 2017. ‘¿Reformar La Reforma? Un Balance Crítico de Los Procedimientos de Reforma Constitucional En La Constitución...
  • Craig, Paul. 2011. ‘Constitutions, Constitutionalism and the European Union’. European Law Journal 7 (2): 125–50.
  • Curtin, Deirdre. 2014. ‘Challenging Executive Dominance in European Democracy’. The Modern Law Review 77 (1): 1–32.
  • Dawson, Mark. 2015. ‘Opening Pandora’s Box? The Crisis and the EU Institutions’. In Beyond the Crisis: The Governance of Europe’s Economic,...
  • Díez-Picazo Giménez, Luis. 1993. ‘Reflexiones Sobre La Idea de Constitución Europea’. Revista de Instituciones Europeas, no. 2: 533–62.
  • Eisenstadt, Todd A., A. Carl Levan, and Tofigh Maboudi. 2017. Constituents Before Assembly. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Elkins, Zachary, Thomas Ginsburg, and James Melton. 2009. The Endurance of National Constitutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Elster, Jon. 1995. ‘Forces and Mechanisms in the Constitution-Making Process’. Duke Law Journal 45 (2): 364–96.
  • Elster, Jon. 1997. ‘Ways of Constitution-Making’. In Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, edited by Axel Hadenius, 123–42. Cambridge: Cambridge...
  • Elster, Jon. 1998. ‘Deliberation and Constitution Making’. In Deliberative Democracy, edited by Jon Elster, 97–122. Cambridge: Cambridge University...
  • Elster, Jon. 2012. ‘Clearing and Strengthening the Channels of Constitution Making’. In Comparative Constitutional Desing, edited by Tom Ginsburg,...
  • Eriksen, Erick Oddvar, and John Erik Fossum. 2012. ‘Introduction: Reconfiguring European Democracy’. In Rethinking Democracy and the European...
  • Fabbrini, Federico. 2014. ‘From Fiscal Constraints to Fiscal Capacity: The Future of EMU and Its Challenges’. In The Constitutionalization...
  • Fabbrini, Federico. 2017. ‘Brexit and EU Treaty Reform’. In The Law & Politics of Brexit, edited by Federico Fabbrini, 267–91. New York:...
  • Fabbrini, Sergio. 2013. ‘Intergovernmentalism and Its Limits: Asseging the European Union’s Answer to the Euro’. Comparative Political Studies...
  • Fabbrini, Federico. 2015a. ‘Emerging from the Euro Crisis: The Institutional Dilemmas of a Political Union’. In Beyond the Crisis: The Governance...
  • Fabbrini, Federico. 2015b. Which European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fernández Le Gal, Annaïck. 2018. ‘La Contribución de La Iniciativa Ciudadana Europea a La Vida Democrática de La Unión’. Revista General de...
  • Ferrajoli, Luigi. 2011. Poderes Salvajes. La Crisis de La Democracia Constitucional. Madrid: Trotta.
  • Ferrajoli, Luigi. 2019. Manifiesto Por La Igualdad. Madrid: Trotta.
  • Fossum, John Erik, and Agustín José Menéndez. 2012. ‘Democracy and Constitution-Making in the European Union’. In Rethinking Democracy and...
  • Fritz, Christian G. 2008. American Sovereigns: The People and America’s Constitutional Tradition before the Civil War. New York: Cambridge...
  • García de Enterría, Eduardo. 1995. ‘El Proyecto de Constitución Europea’. Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional, no. 45: 9–29.
  • García Roca, Javier, and Miguel Martínez Lago. 2014. ‘El Impacto de La Crisis Económica En Nuestras Dos Constituciones’. Documentación Administrativa, Nueva...
  • Ghai, Yash. 2006. ‘La Asamblea Constituyente En La Elaboración de La Constitución Política’. Estocolmo.
  • Ghai, Yash, and Guido Galli. 2006. Constitution Building Processes and Democratization. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and...
  • González Cadenas, Diego. 2015. Hegemonía y Poder Constituyente: Lecciones de Islandia Para El Caso Español. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.
  • González Cadenas, Diego 2018. Democracia y Procesos Constituyentes. Un Análisis Jurídico-Político. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.
  • Griffiths, Ricard T. 2000. Europe’s First Constitution: The European Political Community, 1952–1954. London: Federal Trust.
  • Grimm, Dieter. 2017. The Constitution of European Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Guastini, Ricardo. 2001. Estudios de Teoría Constitucional. México D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Haapala, Taru, and Teemu Häkkinen. 2017. ‘Debating Federal Europe in the British Parliament, c. 1940–49’. European Review of History 24 (5):...
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1998. The Inclusion of the Other. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2012. ‘The Crisis of the European Union in the Light of a Constitutionalization of International Law’. European Journal...
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2015. ‘Democracy in Europe: Why the Development of the EU into a Transnational Democracy Is Necessary and How It Is Possible’....
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2017. ‘Citizen and State Equality in a Supranational Political Community: Degressive Proportionality and the Pouvoir Constituant...
  • Handlin, Oscar, and Mary Handlin, eds. 1966. The Popular Sources of Political Authority. Documents on the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780....
  • Hart, Vivien. 2003. ‘Democratic Constitution-Making’.
  • Hart, Vivien. 2010. ‘Constitution Making and the Right to Take Part in a Public Affair’. In Framing the State in Times of Transition, edited...
  • Haysom, Nicholas. 2003. ‘Nation-Building and Constitution-Making in Divided Societies’. In Federalism in a Changing World: Learning from Each...
  • Hernández de Cos, Pablo. 2020. ‘Common Policies against Common Shocks’. EUROFI Magazine, 2020.
  • Hinajeros, Alicia. 2015. ‘The Role of Courts in the Wake of the Eurozone Crisis’. In Beyond the Crisis: The Governance of Europe’s Economic,...
  • Hooghe, Liesbet. 2007. ‘What Drives Euroskepticism?: Party-Public Cueing, Ideology and Strategic Opportunity’. European Union Politics 8 (1):...
  • Jimena Quesada, Luis, and Javier Tajadura Tejada. 2015. ‘La Prehistoria y La Historia Del Derecho Constitucional Europeo (Ensayo de Paralelismo...
  • Joerges, Christian. 2015. ‘Constitutionalism and the Law of the European Economy’. In Beyond the Crisis: The Governance of Europe’s Economic,...
  • Landau, David. 2013. ‘Constitution-Making Gone Wrong’. Alabama Law Review 64 (5): 923–80.
  • Landemore, Hélène. 2015. ‘Inclusive Constitution-Making: The Icelandic Experiment’. The Journal of Political Philosophy 23 (2): 166–91.
  • Lapavitsas, Costas. 2017. ‘A Socialist Strategy for Europe’. Catalyst 1.
  • Lepore, Jill. 2018. These Truths: A History of the United States. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • ‘Les Consultations Citoyennes Sur l’Europe’. n.d. Accessed 10 January 2019. https:// www.touteleurope.eu/consultations-citoyennes.html.
  • Linde Paniagua, Enrique. 2012. ‘La Mutación de La Unión Europea y de Su Derecho Originario: La Modificación Del Artículo 136 Del TFUE,...
  • Loewenstein, Karl. 1986. Teoría de La Constitución. Barcelona: Ariel. Maestro Buelga, Gonzalo. 2017. ‘El Estado Social 40 Años Después La...
  • Mancini, Federico. 1989. ‘The Making of A Constitution For Europe’. Common Market Law Review 26 (4): 595–614.
  • Mancini, Federico. 1998. ‘Europe: The Case for Statehood’. European Law Journal 4 (1): 29–42.
  • Martelli, Roger. 2013. ‘Putting and End to Governance’. Transform!, no. 12.
  • Marti, Gaëlle. 2008. ‘Le Pouvoir Constituant Européen’. Université Nancy 2.
  • Marti, Gaëlle. 2013. ‘Construcción Política de La Unión Europea y Poder Constituyente’. Teoria y Realidad Constitucional 32 (2): 309–22.
  • Martínez Dalmau, Rubén. 2014. ‘El Debate Sobre La Naturaleza Del Poder Constituyente’. In Teoría y Práctica Del Poder Constituyente, edited...
  • Menéndez, Agustín José. 2011. ‘Defensa (Moderada) de La Sentencia Lisboa Del Tribunal Constitucional Alemán’. El Cronista Del Estado Social...
  • Menéndez, Agustín José. 2017. ‘Constitutional Review, Luxembourg Style: A Structural Critique of the Way in Which the European Court of Justice...
  • Möellers, Christoph. 2010. ‘Pouvoir Constituant-Constitution-Constitutionalism’. In Principles of European Constitutional Law, edited by Armin...
  • Monereo Pérez, José Luis. 2014. ‘Por Un Constitucionalismo Social Europeo. Un Marco Jurídico-Político Insuficiente Para La Construcción de...
  • Moreno González, Gabriel. 2017. ‘El Cierre de La Constitución Económica Española: De La Apertura de Posibilidades Al Monismo de Obligaciones’....
  • Moreno González, Gabriel. 2019. Estabilidad Presupuestaria y Constitución. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.
  • Moreno González, Gabriel. 2020. ‘¿MEDE o Eurobonos? La Solidaridad Europea Ante La Crisis Del Coronavirus’. Boletín de La Academia de Yuste,...
  • Negri, Antonio, and Raúl Sánchez Cedillo. 2015. ‘For a Constituent Initiative in Europe’. Transversal Texts.
  • Niesen, Peter. 2017. ‘The “Mixed” Constituent Legitimacy of the European Federation’. Journal of Common Market Studies 55 (2): 183–92.
  • Oltermann, Philip. 2017. ‘Martin Schulz Wants “United States of Europe” within Eight Years’. The Guardian, 7 December 2017.
  • Patberg, Markus. 2016. ‘Against Democratic Intergovernmnetalism: The Case for a Theory of Constituent Power in the Global Realm’. I•CON, no....
  • Patberg, Markus. 2017. ‘The Levelling Up of Constituent Power in the European Union’. Journal of Common Market Studies 55 (2): 203–12.
  • Patberg, Markus. 2018. ‘Challenging the Masters of the Treaties: Emerging Narratives of Constituent Power in the European Union’. Global Constitutionalism...
  • Pérez de las Heras, Beatriz. 2010. ‘De La Democracia Representativa a La Democracia Participativa: Aportaciones Del Tratado de Lisboa’. Revista...
  • Piris, Jean-Claude. 2012. The Future of Europe. Towards a Two-Speed EU? New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Poiares Maduro, Miguel. 1998. We the Court The European Court of Justice and the European Economic Constitution. Portland: Hart Publishing.
  • Porras Ramírez, José María. 2014. ‘El Reto Constitucional de La Unión Europea En Un Contexto de Crisis Económica y Financiera’. Revista...
  • Preuss, Ulrich K. 2011. ‘Is There a Constituent Power in the European Union?’ In Le Pouvoir Constituant et l’Europe, edited by Olivier Cayla...
  • Puetter, Uwe. 2012. ‘Europe’s Deliberative Intergovernmentalism: The Role of the Council and European Council in EU Economic Governance’....
  • Puetter, Uwe, and Sergio Fabbrini. 2016. ‘Catalysts of Integration – the Role of Core Intergovernmental Forums in EU Politics’. Journal of...
  • Renouvin, Pierre. 1949. L’Idée de Fédération Européenne Dans La Pensée Politique Du XIXe Siècle. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Rodrik, Dani. 2018. Straight Talk on Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Rompuy, Herman Von. 2012. ‘Towards a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union’. Brussels.
  • Samuels, Kirsti. 2006. Constitution Building Processes and Democratization: A Discussion of Twelve Case Studies. Stockholm: International...
  • Sánchez-Cuenca, Ignacio. 2017. ‘From a Deficit of Democracy to a Technocratic Order: The Postcrisis Debate on Europe’. Annual Review of Political...
  • Saunders, Cheryl. 2012. ‘Constitution-Making in the 21st Century’. International Review of Law, no. 4: 1–10.
  • Scarlatti, Paolo. 2010. Democracia y Teoría de La Legitimación En La Experiencia de La Integración Europea: Contribución a Una Crítica Del...
  • Scharpf, Fritz W. 2017. ‘De-Constitutionalisation and Majority Rule: A Democratic Vision for Europe’. European Law Journal 23 (5): 315–334.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2015. ‘What’s the News in “New Intergovernmentalism”? A Critique of Bickerton, Hodson and Puetter’. Journal of Common...
  • Scicluna, Nicole. 2015. European Union Constitutionalism in Crisis. European Union Constitutionalism in Crisis. New York: Routledge.
  • Streeck, Wolfgang. 2016. How Will Capitalism End? Brooklyn: Verso. 2017. Buying Time. Brooklyn: Verso.
  • The Spinelli Group. 2013. A Fundamental Law of the European Union. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.
  • Tushnet, Mark. 2013. ‘Constitution-Making: An Introduction’. Texas Law Review 91 (7): 1983–2013.
  • Vázquez Rodríguez, Beatriz. 2017. ‘La Iniciativa Ciudadana Europea, Un Instrumento Democrático En Progresiva Consolidación’. Revista Geneeral...
  • Verhofstadt, Guy. 2006. The United States of Europe. London: Federal Trust.
  • Viciano Pastor, Roberto. 2001. ‘El Largo Camino Hacia La Constitución Europea’. Revista de Derecho de La Unión Europea, no. 1–2: 91–104.
  • Viciano Pastor, Roberto 2012. ‘La Activación Política Del Poder Constituyente En España y Sus Cauces Jurídicos’. In Por Una Asamblea Constituyente,...
  • Viciano Pastor, Roberto, and Rubén Martínez Dalmau. 2011. ‘El Nuevo Constitucionalismo Latinoamericano: Fundamentos Para Una Construcción...
  • Voigt, Stefan. 2003. ‘The Consequences of Popular Participation in Constitutional Choice – Towards a Comparative Analysis’. In Deliberation...
  • Walker, Neil. 2016. ‘The European Fallout’. German Law Journal 17 (Brexit: 125–29.
  • Weiler, Joseph. 1991. ‘The Transformation of Europe’. Yale Law Journal 100 (8): 2403–83.
  • Wessels, Wolfang. 2012. ‘The Maastricht Treaty and the European Council: The History of an Institutional Evolution’. Journal of European Integration...
  • Wessels, Wolfang. 2016. The European Council. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Widner, Jennifer. 2008. ‘Constitution Writing in Post-Conflict Settings: An Overview’. William & Mary Law Review 49 (4): 1513–41.
  • García-Escudero Márquez, Piedad. 2008. ‘El Procedimiento Agravado de Reforma de La Constitución de 1978’. Revista de Derecho Político, no....