El reconocimiento legal LGBTI y sus factores determinantes a nivel mundial: evidencia de datos de panel de 144 países (1966-2011)

• Mella Gómez, Luis Eduardo ^[1]
  1. [1] Universidad Nebrija

     Universidad Nebrija

     Madrid, España

     
• Localización: Revista española de ciencia política, ISSN 1575-6548, Nº. 64, 2024, págs. 65-96
• Idioma: español
• DOI: 10.21308/recp.64.03
• Títulos paralelos:
  • LGBTI legal recognition and its determining factors worldwide: Data evidence panel from 144 countries
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Resumen
  • español

    Los derechos LGBTI varían globalmente en cuanto a regiones y países, y aunque se conocen factores como instituciones políticas y religión que influyen en esta variación, la naturaleza y forma de estas relaciones es poco estudiada y muchas veces se modela de manera lineal o no se modeliza aspectos importantes destacados de la literatura como la persistencia institucional o la influencia del pasado. Usando el índice Global de Reconocimiento de la Orientación Homosexual (GILRHO) y diversos indicadores institucionales, culturales y demográficos recopilados en el Quality of Government Dataset, se analizó un panel de 144 países durante 46 años. Para lograr corroborar el objetivo de identificar los factores determinantes del reconocimiento legal de las personas LGBTI se utilizó modelos de datos de panel dinámicos robustos a sesgo de paneles dinámicos y a perturbaciones no normales en los errores (autocorrelación serial, heterocedasticidad y correlación contemporánea). Se encontró que la relación entre instituciones, inclusión y religión en el reconocimiento legal LGBTI es no lineal e intertemporal (que el pasado incide en el presente). Los resultados son consistentes con lo discutido en la literatura sobre el reconocimiento legal LGBTI en el contexto de la ciencia política comparada.

  • English

    LGBTI rights vary globally across regions and countries, and although factors such as political institutions and religion are known to influence this variation, the nature and form of these relationships are understudied and often modeled linearly or without considering important aspects highlighted in the literature, such as institutional persistence or the influence of the past. Using the Global Index of Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO) and various institutional, cultural, and demographic indicators compiled in the Quality of Government Dataset, a panel of 144 countries was analyzed over 45 years. To achieve the objective of identifying the determining factors of legal recognition for LGBTI individuals, robust dynamic panel data models were used to account for dynamic panel bias and non-normal disturbances in errors (serial autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, and contemporaneous correlation). It was found that the relationship between institutions, inclusion, and religion in LGBTI legal recognition is non-linear and intertemporal (it means that past institutional factors influence present day outcomes). The results are consistent with what is discussed in the literature on LGBTI legal recognition in the context of comparative political science.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Acemoglu, D., Egorov, G. y Sonin, K. (2021) “Institutional change and institutional persistence”, en The Handbook of Historical Economics....
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. y Thaicharoen, Y. (2003) “Institutional causes, macroeconomic symptoms: volatility, crises and growth”,...
  • Acemoglu, D. y Robinson, J. A. (2006) “De facto political power and institutional persistence”, American economic review, 96(2), pp. 325–330....
  • Acemoglu, D. y Robinson, J. A. (2008) “Persistence of power, elites, and institutions”, American Economic Review, 98(1), pp. 267–293. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.1.267.
  • Acemoglu, D., Ticchi, D. y Vindigni, A. (2011) “Emergence and persistence of inefficient states”, Journal of the European economic association....
  • Aihounton, G. B. D. y Henningsen, A. (2021) “Units of measurement and the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation”, The Econometrics Journal....
  • Alesina, A., Baqir, R. y Easterly, W. (1999) “Public goods and ethnic divisions”, The Quarterly journal of economics. MIT Press, 114(4), pp....
  • Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S. y Wacziarg, R. (2003) “Fractionalization”, Journal of Economic growth. Springer,...
  • Alesina, A., Michalopoulos, S. y Papaioannou, E. (2016) “Ethnic inequality”, Journal of Political Economy. University of Chicago Press Chicago,...
  • Arellano, M. y Bond, S. (1991) “Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations”,...
  • Asal, V. y Sommer, U. (2016) Legal path dependence and the long arm of the religious state: sodomy provisions and gay rights across nations...
  • Asal, V., Sommer, U. y Harwood, P. G. (2013) “Original sin: A cross-national study of the legality of homosexual acts”, Comparative Political...
  • Ayoub, P. M. y Page, D. (2020) “When do opponents of gay rights mobilize? Explaining political participation in times of backlash against...
  • Badgett, M. V. L., Waaldijk, K. y van der Meulen Rodgers, Y. (2019) “The relationship between LGBT inclusion and economic development: Macro-level...
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008) Econometric analysis of panel data. Springer.
  • Blundell, R. y Bond, S. (1998) “Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models”, Journal of econometrics. Elsevier,...
  • Bolen, J. B. y Williamson, C. R. (2019) “The path of reform: The consequences of institutional volatility”, Kyklos. Wiley Online Library,...
  • Boulding, C. E. (2010) “NGOs and political participation in weak democracies: Subnational evidence on protest and voter turnout from Bolivia”,...
  • Brinks, D. M., Levitsky, S. y Murillo, M. V. (2019) Understanding institutional weakness: power and design in Latin American Institutions....
  • Brodeur, A. y Haddad, J. (2021) “Institutions, attitudes and LGBT: Evidence from the Gold Rush”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization....
  • Burge, R. (2013) “Using matching to investigate the relationship between religion and tolerance”, Politics and Religion. Cambridge University...
  • Van Cappellen, P., Toth-Gauthier, M., Saroglou, V. y Fredrickson, B. L. (2016) “Religion and well-being: The mediating role of positive emotions”,...
  • Chen, J. y Roth, J. (2022) “Log-like? ATEs defined with zero outcomes are (arbitrarily) scale-dependent”. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2212.06080.
  • Cole, W. M. y Geist, C. (2023) “Don’t You Be My Neighbor! Perceptions of Homosexuality in Global Cross-Cultural Perspective, 1990 to 2019”,...
  • Coleman, J. S. (1956) “Social cleavage and religious conflict.”, Journal of Social Issues. Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1956.tb00378.x.
  • Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., MARQUARDT, K. L., MEDZIHORSKY, J., PEMSTEIN, D., ALIZADA, N., GASTALDI,...
  • Cserni, R. T. y Talmud, I. (2015) “To know that you are not alone: The effect of internet usage on LGBT youth’s social capital”, Communication...
  • Dahl, R. A. (2008) Polyarchy: Participation and opposition. Yale university press.
  • DeSipio, L. (2011) “Immigrant incorporation in an era of weak civic institutions: Immigrant civic and political participation in the United...
  • Driscoll, J. C. y Kraay, A. C. (1998) “Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data”, Review of economics and...
  • Dryzek, J. S. (1996) “The informal logic of institutional design”, The theory of institutional design. Cambridge University Press Cambridge,...
  • Everaert, G. y Pozzi, L. (2007) “Bootstrap-based bias correction for dynamic panels”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. Elsevier,...
  • Fatás, A. y Mihov, I. (2013) “Policy volatility, institutions, and economic growth”, Review of Economics and Statistics. The MIT Press, 95(2),...
  • Fernández Fernández, J. M. (2013) “Capital simbólico, dominación y legitimidad. Las raíces weberianas de la sociología de Pierre Bourdieu”,...
  • Fox, J. (2008) A world survey of religion and the state. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gallego, A. (2007) “Unequal political participation in Europe”, International Journal of Sociology. Taylor & Francis, 37(4), pp. 10–25....
  • Glen, B., Pempel, T. J. y others (1998) Regime shift: Comparative dynamics of the Japanese political economy. Cornell University Press.
  • Gómez, L. E. M. (2022) “Turismo, vaivenes y desigualdad: cómo repercuten las instituciones participativas y de transparencia en la actividad...
  • Hacker, J. S., Pierson, P. y Thelen, K. (2015) “Drift and conversion: Hidden faces of institutional change”, en Advances in comparative-historical...
  • Henisz, W. J. (2004) “Political institutions and policy volatility”, Economics & Politics. Wiley Online Library, 16(1), pp. 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2004.00129.x.
  • Horowitz, M. C. (2009) “Long Time Going: Religion and the Duration of Crusading”, International Security, 34(2), pp. 162–193. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2009.34.2.162.
  • Inglehart, R. F. (2016) “How Much Should We Worry?”, Journal of Democracy, 27(3), pp. 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2016.0053.
  • Inglehart, R. F., Ponarin, E. y Inglehart, R. C. (2017) “Cultural Change, Slow and Fast: The Distinctive Trajectory of Norms Governing Gender...
  • Inglehart, R. y Norris, P. (2016) “Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash”, SSRN Electronic Journal....
  • Juodis A. y Reese S. (2022). The incidental parameters problem in testing for remaining cross-section correlation. Journal of Business and...
  • Keyman, E. F. (2010) “Modernization, globalization and democratization in Turkey: the AKP experience and its limits”, Constellations. Blackwell...
  • Kiviet, J. F. (1995) “On bias, inconsistency, and efficiency of various estimators in dynamic panel data models”, Journal of econometrics....
  • Krasner, S. D. (1988) “Sovereignty: An institutional perspective”, Comparative political studies. Sage Publications, 21(1), pp. 66–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414088021001004.
  • Kristoffersson, M., Roozendaal, B. van y Poghosyan, L. (2016) “European integration and LGBTI activism: Partners in Realising change?”, en...
  • Levitsky, S. y Murillo, M. V. (2005) Argentine democracy: The politics of institutional weakness. Penn State Press.
  • Levitsky, S. y Murillo, M. V. (2008) “Argentina: From kirchner to kirchner”, Journal of Democracy. Johns Hopkins University Press, 19(2),...
  • Levitsky, S. y Murillo, M. V. (2010) “Variación en la fortaleza institucional”, Revista de sociolog’ia, (24), pp. 31–56. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-529X.2010.14399.
  • Levitsky, S. y Murillo, M. V. (2012) “Construyendo instituciones sobre cimientos débiles: lecciones desde América Latina”, Politai, 3(5),...
  • Lewandowski, J. y Streich, G. (2007) “Democratizing social capital: In pursuit of liberal egalitarianism”, Journal of Social Philosophy. Blackwell...
  • Linos, K. (2010) “Path Dependence in Discrimination Law: Employment Cases in the United States and the European Union”, Yale J. Int’l L. HeinOnline,...
  • Mahoney, J. y Schensul, D. (2006) “Historical context and path dependence”, en The Oxford handbook of contextual political analysis. Oxford...
  • Mahoney, J. y Thelen, K. (2009) Explaining institutional change: Ambiguity, agency, and power. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mahoney, J., Thelen, K. y others (2010) “A theory of gradual institutional change”, Explaining institutional change: Ambiguity, agency, and...
  • Manza, J. y Wright, N. (2003) “Religion and political behavior”, en Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Cambridge University Press Cambridge.
  • Milner, H. V y Mukherjee, B. (2009) “Democratization and economic globalization”, Annual Review of Political Science, 12(1), pp. 163–181....
  • Mullahy, J. y Norton, E. C. (2022) Why Transform Y? A Critical Assessment of Dependent-Variable Transformations in Regression Models for Skewed...
  • Murillo, V., Levitsky, S. y Brinks, D. (2021) La Ley y la trampa en América Latina: por qué optar por el debilitamiento institucional puede...
  • Nickell, S. (1981) “Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects”, Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society. JSTOR, pp. 1417–1426....
  • North, D. C. (1990) Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge university press.
  • O’Donnell, G. (2001) “Accountability horizontal. La institucionalización legal de la desconfianza política”, Isonomía. Instituto Tecnológico...
  • O’Donnell, G. (2010) “Revisando la democracia delegativa”, Casa del tiempo, 31, pp. 2–8. Disponible en: https://www.uam.mx/difusion/casadeltiempo/31_iv_may_2010/casa_del_tiempo_eIV_num31_02_08.pdf.
  • Pratt, N. (2004) “Bringing politics back in: examining the link between globalization and democratization”, Review of International Political...
  • Rocco, P. y Thurston, C. (2014) “From metaphors to measures: observable indicators of gradual institutional change”, Journal of Public Policy....
  • Roland, G. (2004) “Understanding institutional change: Fast-moving and slow-moving institutions”, Studies in comparative international development....
  • Roseneil, S., Crowhurst, I., Hellesund, T., Santos, A. C. y Stoilova, M. (2013) “Changing landscapes of heteronormativity: The regulation...
  • Sommer, U., Asal, V., Zuber, K. y Parent, J. (2013) “Institutional paths to policy change: Judicial versus nonjudicial repeal of sodomy laws”,...
  • Sommer, U., Bloom, P. B.-N. y Arikan, G. (2013) “Does faith limit immorality? The politics of religion and corruption”, Democratization. Taylor...
  • de Sousa Santos ; Juan Montaña Pinto, B. (2012) Derecho y emancipación. Corte Constitucional (Pensamiento Jurídico Contemporáneo - No 2).
  • Suk, J. C. (2007) “Procedural Path Dependence: Discrimination and the Civil-Criminal Divide”, Wash. UL Rev. HeinOnline, 85, p. 1315. Disponible...
  • Swidler, A. (1986) “Culture in action: Symbols and strategies”, American sociological review. JSTOR, pp. 273–286. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095521.
  • Swyngedouw, E. (2011) “Interrogating post-democratization: Reclaiming egalitarian political spaces”, Political geography. Elsevier, 30(7),...
  • Teorell, J., Sundström, A., Holmberg, S., Rothstein, B., Alvarado Pachon, N. y Dalli, C. M. (2021) “The quality of government standard dataset,...
  • Thelen, K. (2009) “Institutional change in advanced political economies”, British Journal of Industrial Relations. Wiley Online Library, 47(3),...
  • Tilley, J. y Evans, G. (2014) “Ageing and generational effects on vote choice: Combining cross-sectional and panel data to estimate APC effects”,...
  • Vivanco, L. (2018) A dictionary of cultural anthropology. Oxford University Press.
  • Waaldijk, C. (2009) “Legal recognition of homosexual orientation in the countries of the world. A chronological overview with footnotes”,...
  • Waaldijk, K. (2019) “Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO)-provisional data 1966-2011”, World Development,...
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2010) Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT press.
  • Woo-Mora, L. G. (2021) “Unveiling the cosmic race: Racial inequalities in Latin America”, Available at SSRN. Disponible en: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03693205.
  • Zhao, Y. y Hackett, R. A. (2005) “Media globalization, media democratization: Challenges, issues, and paradoxes”, en Democratizing global...