El papel del capital social en las trayectorias de clase: un análisis de la población económicamente activa en tres ciudades de Uruguay

• Rafael Rey ^[1]
  1. [1] Universidad de la República

     Universidad de la República

     Uruguay

     
• Localización: Lavboratorio: revista de estudios sobre cambio estructural y desigualdad social, ISSN-e 1852-4435, Nº. 33, 1, 2023 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Estratificación en movimiento: las clases medias, los trabajadores pobres y las elites en el contexto de recesión económica), págs. 131-155
• Idioma: español
• Títulos paralelos:
  • The role of social capital in class trajectories: an analysis of the economically active population in three Uruguayan cities
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen
  • español

    El estudio de la movilidad social es una herramienta adecuada para comprender el impacto de la desigualdad social en las sociedades modernas. Uno de los desafíos actuales en las ciencias sociales es identificar los factores que impulsan la movilidad social ascendente. Aunque se ha investigado ampliamente el efecto de la educación y el género, el papel del capital social en la movilidad no ha recibido la misma atención. En este trabajo, se presenta un modelo analítico diseñado para examinar las consecuencias del capital social en la movilidad, teniendo en cuenta posibles efectos externos. Para ello, se utiliza el position generator, una herramienta especialmente desarrollada para medir el capital social, que se aplica por primera vez en Uruguay. Luego, se observan los procesos de movilidad social intergeneracional en tres ciudades de Uruguay y se propone un modelo probit ordinal con una variable instrumental para abordar los posibles problemas de endogeneidad entre el capital social y la movilidad social. Los resultados confirman que el capital social tiene un efecto significativo y positivo en la movilidad social ascendente y en la permanencia en posiciones privilegiadas. Estos resultados se obtienen al controlar variables como el género, la cohorte de nacimiento y la educación del entrevistado, utilizando la educación de los padres como variable instrumental.

  • English

    The study of social mobility is an adequate tool to understand the impact of social inequality in modern societies. One of the current challenges in the social sciences is to identify the factors that drive upward social mobility. Although the effect of education and gender has been extensively investigated, the role of social capital in mobility has not received the same attention. In this paper, an analytical model designed to examine the consequences of social capital on mobility is presented, considering possible external effects. For this, the position generator is used, a tool specially developed to measure social capital, which is applied for the first time in Uruguay. Then, intergenerational social mobility processes are observed in three Uruguayan cities and an ordinal probit model with an instrumental variable is proposed to address possible endogeneity problems between social capital and social mobility. The results confirm that social capital has a significant and positive effect on upward social mobility and retention in privileged positions. These results are obtained by controlling for variables such as gender, birth cohort, and respondent's education, using parental education as an instrumental variable.

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