Justice beyond the State Outer Margins: Contending Forms of Antifascist Violence and Judiciary Prractices in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and Liberation-France (1944-45)

• Autores: José Luis Ledesma
• Localización: Partecipazione e conflitto, ISSN-e 2035-6609, Vol. 15, Nº. 1, 2022 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Special Issue on: "Between rebellion and governance: violence, legitimacy, and control by armed groups in civil wars" & "Bridging Social Movement Studies between Global North and South"), págs. 72-87
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.1285/i20356609v15i1p72
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Dialnet Métricas: 1 Cita
• Resumen

  • Although civil war scholarship focuses on the study of violence in internecine conflict, little attention has been paid to the ways in which extra-judiciary violence and the legal administration of justice interact. This article explores the relationship between state justice and extra-judiciary practices in two settings: Republican-held territories during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and the later stages of WWII and Liberation-France (1944-45). This paper challenges the view that the violence perpetrated by armed non-state agents flared and existed only because of state institutional justice was lacking, and until it was replaced by it. After a general overview of violence and justice in civil war settings, this article summarizes the differences and blurred boundaries between extra-judiciary violence and legal justice in both case studies; finally, it argues that exploring the complex links between "legal justice" and "illegal revolutionary violence" is a useful way to improve our understanding of revolutions and civil wars, as violence in those contexts constitutes a challenge to existing law and seeks to create new and non-conventional ways to implement justice.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Arjona, A. (2016), Rebelocracy. Social Order in the Colombian Civil War, New York: Cambridge U.P.
  • Arjona, A., N. Kasfir and Z. Mampilly (eds.) (2015), Rebel Governance in Civil War, New York: Cambridge U.P.
  • Balcells, L. (2017), Rivalry and Revenge, The Politics of Violence during Civil War, New York: Cambridge U.P.
  • Bergère, M. (2003), “Les pouvoirs publics et la conduite des processus d’épuration”, in M.-O. Baruch, (dir.), Une poignée de misérables. L’épuration...
  • Bertaux, P. (1973), Libération de Toulouse et de sa région, Paris: Hachette.
  • Bilz, K. (2007), “The Puzzle of Delegated Revenge”, Boston University Law Review, 87, pp. 1059-1112.
  • Brossat, A. (1994), Libération, fête folle. 6 juin 44 -8 mai 45: mythes et rites ou le grand théâtre des passions populaires, Paris: Autrement.
  • Butler, J. (2020), The Force of Nonviolence, London: Verso.
  • Buton, Ph. (2004), La Joie douloureuse. La Libération de la France, Paris: Complexe.
  • Buton, Ph. and J.-M. Guillon (dirs.), Les pouvoirs en France à la Libération, Paris: Belin.
  • Casanova, J. (2010), The Spanish Republic and Civil War, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
  • Coady, C.A.J. (2008), Morality and Political Violence, New York: Cambridge U.P.
  • Cointet, J.-P. (2008), Expier Vichy. L’épuration en France, 1943-1958, Paris: Perrin.
  • Corradi, C. (2020), Sociología de la violencia. Identidad, modernidad, poder, Saragossa: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza [2016].
  • Crainz, G. (2007): L’ombra della guerra. Il 1945, l’Italia, Rome: Donzelli.
  • Cruz, R. (2006), En el nombre del pueblo. República, rebelión y guerra en la España de 1936, Madrid: Siglo XXI.
  • De Koster M., H. Leuwers, D. Luyten and X. Rousseaux (eds.) (2012), Justice in Wartime and Revolutions. Europe, 1795-1950 / Justice en temps...
  • De Sousa Santos, B. (2018), Las bifurcaciones del orden. Revolución, ciudad, campo e idignación, Madrid: Trotta.
  • Del Rey, F. (2019), Retaguardia roja. Violencia y revolución en la guerra civil española, Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.
  • Della Porta, D. and H. Reiter (2003), Polizia e protesta. L’ordine pubblico dalla liberazione ai no global, Bologna: Il Mulino.
  • Foulon, Ch. (1975), Le Pouvoir en province à la Libération. Les commissaires de la République, Paris: P.F.N.S.P.
  • Gallego, F. (2007), Barcelona, mayo de 1937. La crisis del antifascismo en Cataluña, Barcelona: Debate.
  • Godicheau, F. (2004), La Guerre d’Espagne. République et révolution en Catalogne (1936-1939), Paris: Odile Jacob.
  • González Calleja, E. (2002), La violencia en la política. Perspectivas teóricas sobre el empleo deliberado de la fuerza en los conflictos...
  • González Calleja, E. (2011), Contrarrevolucionarios. Radicalización violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda República, 1931-1936, Madrid:...
  • Graham, H. (2002), The Spanish Republic at War 1936-1939, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
  • Guha, R. (1996), “The Small Voice of History”, Subaltern Studies, 9: 1-12.
  • Gutiérrez-Sanín, F. (2015), “Organization and Governance: The Evolution of Urban Militias in Medellín, Colombia”, in A. Arjona, N. Kasfir...
  • Haupt, H.-G. (2012), Gewalt und Politik im Europa des 19. Und 20 Jahrhundersts, Göttingen: Wallstein.
  • Hoer, R. (2015), Armed Group Structure and Violence in Civil Wars. The organizational dynamics of civilian killing, London: Routledge.
  • Höffe, O. (1995), Political Justice: Foundations for a critical Philosophy of Law and the State, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Hultman, L. (2014), “Violence against Civilians”, in E. Newman and K. DeRouen (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Civil Wars, London: Routledge,...
  • Israël, L. (2005), Robes noires, années sombres: La Résistance dans les milieux judiciaires, Paris: Fayard.
  • Jean, J.-P. (dir.) (2018), Juger sous Vichy, juger Vichy, Paris: Association Française pour l’histoire de la justice.
  • Kalyvas, S.N. (2006), The Logic of Violence in Civil War, New York: Cambridge U.P.
  • Koreman, M. (1999), The Expectation of Justice. France 1944-1946, Durham: Duke U.P.
  • Laborie, P., (2001), Les Français des années troubles. De la guerre d’Espagne à la Libération, Paris: Desclée de Brouwer.
  • Ledesma, J.L. (2009), “Qué violencia para qué retaguardia o la República en guerra de 1936”, Ayer, 76 (4), pp. 83-114.
  • Ledesma J.L. (2010), “Una retaguardia al rojo. Las violencias en la zona republicana”, in F. Espinosa (ed.), Violencia roja y azul. España,...
  • Ledesma J.L. (2018), “Tuer son voisin”, in B. Cabanes (dir.), Une histoire de la guerre, XIXe-XXIe siècles, Paris: Seuil, París, pp. 577-587.
  • Malešević, S. (2017), The Rise of Organized Brutality. A Historical Sociology of Violence, New York: Cambridge U.P.
  • Martin, J.-C. (2006), Violence et révolution. Essai sur la naissance d’un mythe national, Paris: Seuil.
  • Mayer, A.J. (2000), The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions, Princeton: Princeton U.P.
  • Mouralis, G. and A. Weinke (2019), “Justice”, in M. Conway, P. Lagrou and H. Rousso (ed.), Europe’s Postwar Periods 1989, 1945, 1918. Writing...
  • Novick, P. (1991), L’épuration française, 1944-1949, Paris: Seuil [1968].
  • Pavone, C. (1991), Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità nella Resistenza, Turin: Bollati Boringhieri,
  • Peiró, J. (1936), Perill a la reraguarda, Mataró: Llibertad.
  • Preston P. (2012), The Spanish Holocaust. Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain, London: HarperCollins.
  • Ranzato, G. (2011), La grande paura del 1936. Come la Spagna precipitò nella guerra civile, Bari: Laterza.
  • Ricoeur, P. (2003), The Just, Chicago: University of Chicago Press [1995].
  • Rodrigo, J. and D. Alegre (2019), Comunidades rotas. Una historia global de las guerras civiles, 1917-2017, Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.
  • Rouquet, F. (2011), Une épuration ordinaire (1944-1949). Petits et grands collaborateurs de l’administration française, Paris: CNRS.
  • Rouquet, F. and F. Virgili (2018), Les Françaises, les Français et l’Épuration, Paris: Gallimard.
  • Rousso, H. (2001), Vichy, l’événement, la mémoire, l’histoire, Paris: Gallimard.
  • Rousso, H. (2006), “La memoria de Vichy o la ilusión de la excepción francesa (1980-2000)”, in J. Aróstegui and F. Godicheau (eds.), Guerra...
  • Ruiz, J. (2014), The 'Red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War: Revolutionary Violence in Madrid, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
  • Sánchez Recio, G (1991), Justicia y Guerra en España. Los Tribunales Populares (1936-1939), Alicante: Instituto Juan Gil-Albert.
  • Sarat, A. and J.L. Culbert (eds.) (2009), States of Violence. War, Capital Punishment, and Lettind Die, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
  • Tarrow, S. (2015), War, States, and Contention: a Comparative Historical Study, Ithaca: Cornell U.P.
  • Thorup, M. (2010), An Intellectual History of Terror. War, Violence and the State, London: Routledge,
  • Tilly, Ch., L. Tilly and R. Tilly (1975), The Rebellious Century, 1830-1930, Cambridge: Harvard U.P.
  • Traverso, E. (2007), À feu et à sang. De la guerre civile européenne 1914-1945, Paris: Stock.
  • Trotsky, L. (1973), Their Morals and Ours. The class foundations of class struggle, New York: Pathfinder [1939].
  • Virgili, F. (2000), La France “virile’. Des femmes tondues à la Libération, Paris: Payot.
  • Wahnich, S. (2003), La liberté ou la mort: essai sur la Terreur et le terrorisme, Paris: La Fabrique.
  • Weinstein, J.M. (2007), Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence, New York: Cambridge U.P.
  • Wieviorka, O. (2005), “Guerre civile à la française? Le cas des années sombres (1940-1945), Vingtième siècle, 85, pp. 5-19.