Análisis empírico de la colaboración internacional en la provisión de bienes de Defensa: Ventajas y Limitaciones

• Santiago García Peña ^[1]
  1. [1] Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

     Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

     Madrid, España

     
• Localización: Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, ISSN-e 2255-3479, Nº. 15, 2020, págs. 137-164
• Idioma: español
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Empirical analysis of international collaboration in the provision of Defence assets: Advantages and Limitations
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Resumen
  • español

    A pesar de que la colaboración en programas europeos de armamento tiene más de setenta años, persisten las dificultades para dicha colaboración entre las que hay que citar la armonización de los requisitos y la consecución del consenso, motivados por intereses y preferencias nacionales y prioridades presupuestarias que no coinciden con la de los posibles socios. A través del estudio de ventajas potenciales y principales inconvenientes presentes en los programas de colaboración internacional, junto con el análisis de casos de éxito y fracaso en Europa, se concluye que esta colaboración permite fortalecer las relaciones internacionales de seguridad y defensa, compartir riesgos, esfuerzos y recursos en la obtención de nuevas capacidades comunes más avanzadas que mejoren la interoperabilidad entre aliados. Esto también puede actuar como catalizador de una reestructuración industrial que racionalice el número de empresas contratistas principales, fomente la especialización y mejore su competitividad internacional.

  • English

    Despite the fact that collaboration in european armaments programs has more than seventy years, the difficulties for such collaboration persist. Mainly, it can be highlighted the harmonization of requirements and the achievement of consensus, motivated by national interests and preferences and budgetary priorities that do not match with those of the potential partners. Through the study of potential advantages and main drawbacks present in international collaboration programs, together with the analysis of cases of success and failure in Europe, it is concluded that this collaboration allows strengthening international security and defence relations, sharing risks, efforts and resources in obtaining new, more advanced common capabilities that improve interoperability among allies. This can also act as a catalyst for an industrial restructuring that streamlines the number of main contractor companies, encourages specialization and improves their international competitiveness.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • AIRBUS. «Orders, Deliveries, In Operation Military Aircraft by Country – World-Wide». Airbus.com. 30/04/2018. http://www.airbus.com/defence.html.
  • ARENA, M. V. et al. Why Has the Cost of Navy Ships Risen? A Macroscopic Macroscopic Examination of the Trends in US Naval Ship costs over...
  • ARENA, M. V. et al. Why Has the Cost of Fixed-Wing Aircraft Risen? A Macroscopic Examination of the Trends in U.S. Military Aircraft Costs...
  • BLEAKLEY, G. A. International Armaments Cooperation: A Case Study of the Modular Standoff Weapons. Thesis. Ohio: Wright-Patterson Air Force...
  • BRZOSKA, M.; LOCK, P. «Restructuring of Arms Production in Western Europe». SIPRI Monographs. United States: Oxford University Press 1992.
  • CATINGTON, R. C.; KNUDSON, O. A.; YODZIS, J. B. Transatlantic Armaments Cooperation: Report of the Military Research Fellows, DSMC 1999-2000....
  • DATAQUEST. «Military Electronic Systems Markets». Dataquest. San José: CA 1991.
  • DEFENCEWEB. «First export success for the COBRA Radar in Gulf region». DefenceWeb.co.za. 25/02/2009. http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1165.
  • DEFENSA. «La DGAM convocará un polémico concurso para comprar un avión que remplace a los C101 del Ejército del Aire». Defensa.com. 12/07/2019....
  • EDGAR, A. D.„ HAGLUND, D. G. The Canadian Defence Industry in the New Global Environment. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press 1995.
  • EURO-ART. «Roll-out of 29 COBRA Systems for France, Germany and the United Kingdom completed». thalesgroup.com. 2007. http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/85494/cobra-radar-deliveries-now-complete.html.
  • EXPANSIÓN. «Airbus quiere revitalizar el A400M, el avión militar de los 20.000 millones». Expansion.com. 10/07/2018. www.expansion.com/empresas/transporte/2018/07/10/5b43be04268e3e2e428b460b.html.
  • FLIGHT INTERNATIONAL. «VAK 191B cancelled…». Flight International.com. 7/12/1972. https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1972/1972%20-%203225.pdf.
  • FONTANEL, J.; SMITH, R.; BOLTON, P. «A European Defence Union?». Economic Policy, 6 (13). 1991, pp. 393–424. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1344631.
  • GAO. «Tactical Aircraft: Changing Conditions Drive Need for New F/A-22 Business Case». Report GAO-04-391. Washington: U.S. Government Accountability...
  • GAO. «Joint Strike Fighter - Strong Risk Management Essential as Program Enters Most Challenging Phase». Report GAO-09-711T. U.S. Government...
  • GE AVIATION. «GE and TAI Extend Tusas Engine Industries, Inc. Joint Venture for Another 25 Years». GEAviation.com. 29/01/2010. https://www.geaviation.com/press-release/services/ge-and-tai-extend-tusas-engine-industries-inc-joint-venture-another-25-years.
  • GERTLER, J. J. «F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program: Background and Issues for Congress». CRS Report, RL30563. Washington: Congressional...
  • GLOBALSECURITY. «MBT-70/XM803». Globalsecurity.org. 2011. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/mbt-70.htm.
  • GLOBALSECURITY. «NATO Frigate Replacement for the 1990s [NFR-90]». Globalsecurity.org. 2013. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/nfr-90.htm.
  • GLOBALSECURITY. «Multi-Role Armoured Vehicle (MRAV)». Globalsecurity.org. 2016. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/mrav.htm.
  • HARTLEY, K. The European Defence Market and Industry. En P. Creasey y S. May, (eds.). The European Armaments Market and Procurement Cooperation....
  • HARTLEY, K. The industrial and economic benefits of Eurofighter Typhoon. Reino Unido: Universidad de York 2006.
  • HARTLEY, K. The Economics of Defence Policy: A new perspective. London: Routledge 2011.
  • HAYWARD, K. «Towards a European Weapons Procurement Process: The Shaping of Common European Requirements for New Arms Programmes». Chaillot...
  • INFODEFENSA. «Eurofighter Typhoon for Belgium - Media Guide, BAE Systems ». Infodefensa.com. 07/10/2016, p. 6. https://www.infodefensa.com/archivo/files/161007_eurofighter_belgica%20(1).pdf.
  • JAARSMA, M. «A400M». Phantomaviation.nl. 2018. www.phantomaviation.nl/Aircraft/A400M.htm.
  • JAARSMA, M. «NH90». Phantomaviation.nl. 2018. www.phantomaviation.nl/Aircraft/NH90.htm.
  • JOHNSON, E. L. Howitzer Ammunition System Procurement (HASP). Alexandria, Virginia: U.S. Army Material Command 1991.
  • KEOHANE, D. The EU and armaments co-operation. London: Centre for European Reform 2002.
  • LARSON, E. et al. Interoperability of US and NATO Allied Air Forces: Supporting Data and Case Studies. RAND 2003. www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2005/MR1603.pdf.
  • LORELL, M. A. «Multinational Development of Large Aircraft: The European Experience». RAND Paper, R-2596. Santa Monica, CA: Rand 1980.
  • LORELL, M. A. The Use of Prototypes in Selected Foreign Fighter Aircraft Development Programs. Santa Monica, CA: RAND 1989.
  • MSC. «Munich Security Report 2017: Post-Truth, Post-West, Post-Order?». Munich Security Report (MSC). 2017. www.eventanizer.com/MSR/MSC2017/.
  • NAO. Maximising the benefits of defence equipment co-operation. National Audit Office (NAO), Ministry of Defence, Report by the Comptroller...
  • NAO. Major Projects Report 2005. London: National Audit Office (NAO) 2005.
  • NAO. Management of the Typhoon Project. Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General HC 755 Session 2010–2011. London: National Audit Office...
  • NRAC. Life cycle technology insertion. Washington: The United States Naval Research Advisory Committee (NRAC) 2002.
  • OCCAR. TIGER – A New Generation of Helicopters. 2018. www.occar.int/programmes/tiger.
  • OUSD (AT&L). Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) Summary Tables. Washington: 2002. https://www.acq.osd.mil/ara/am/sar/2001-Dec-SARSUMTAB.pdf.
  • OUSD (AT&L). SAR. 2003. http://www.acq.osd.mil/ara/am/sar/SARST1202.pdf.
  • OUSD (AT&L). SAR. 2004. http://www.acq.osd.mil/ara/am/sar/2003-Dec-SST.pdf.
  • OUSD (AT&L). SAR. 2005. http://www.acq.osd.mil/ara/am/sar/2004-DEC-SST.pdf.
  • OUSD (AT&L). SAR. 2006. http://www.acq.osd.mil/ara/am/sar/2005-DEC-SST.pdf.
  • OUSD (AT&L). SAR. 2007. http://www.acq.osd.mil/ara/am/sar/2006-DEC-SST.pdf.
  • OUSD (AT&L). SAR. 2008a. http://www.acq.osd.mil/ara/am/sar/2007-DEC-SST.pdf.
  • OUSD (AT&L). SAR. 2008b. http://www.acq.osd.mil/ara/am/sar/.
  • PISANO, G. P. «The R&D Boundaries of the Firm: An Empirical Analysis». Administrative Science Quarterly, 35 (1). 1990.
  • REUTERS. «Airbus says A400M deal with buyers will limit future losses». Reuters.com. 07/02/2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-singapore-airshow-a400m/airbus-says-a400m-deal-with-buyers-will-limit-future-losses-idUSKBN1FR19Y.
  • RICH, M. et al. «Multinational Coproduction of Military Aerospace Systems». RAND Paper, R-2861. Santa Monica, CA: RAND 1981.
  • RUIZ, R. M. «El último vástago del programa NFR-90». Revista Ejércitos, 5. 2010. https://issuu.com/ejercitos/docs/revista_ejercitos_n_5?q=NFR-90.
  • SCHELLING, T. C. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press 1960.
  • SMITH, D. «Weaponry after the Gulf war - New equipment requirements for restructured armed forces». Document 1272. 14/05/1991. http://aei.pitt.edu/53851/1/B0979.pdf.
  • TAYLOR, T. Defence, Technology and International Integration. NY: St. Martin’s Press 1982.
  • TAYLOR, T. «West European Defence Industrial Issues for the 90’s». Defence Economics, 4. 1993.
  • THINK DEFENCE. «Javelin Anti-Tank Guided Weapon (ATGW). UK Complex (Guided) Weapons – Reference». ThinkDefence.co.uk. 2018. https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/uk-complex-weapons/javelin-anti-tank-guided-weapon-atgw/.
  • THINK DEFENCE. «Storm Shadow Conventionally Armed Stand Off Missile (CASOM)». ThinkDefence.co.uk. n.d. www.thinkdefence.co.uk/uk-complex-weapons/storm-shadow-conventionally-armed-stand-off-missile-casom/.
  • TRYBUS, M. Buying Defence and Security in Europe. The EU Defence and Security Procurement Directive. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press...
  • TUCKER, J. B. «Partners and Rivals: A Model of International Collaboration in Advanced Technology». International Organization, 45 (1). 1991.
  • VOSS, W.; BRZOSKA, M. Eurofighter 2000: Consequences and Alternatives. Bonn-Alemania: BICC 1996.
  • WALKER, W.; GUMMETT, P. «Nationalism, internationalism and the European defence market». Chaillot Papers, 9. París: Institute for Security...
  • WILLIS, F. R. France, Germany, and the New Europe, 1945-1967. California: Stanford University Press 1968.
  • WOOD, D. Project Cancelled: Disaster of Britain’s Abandoned Aircraft Projects. London: Macdonald and Jane’s Publishers 1975.