The unconscious in social psychology and psychology: a metaphor for their crises

• Xavier, Marlon ^[1] ; Lhullier, Cristina ^[1]
  1. [1] Universidade de Caxias do Sul

     Universidade de Caxias do Sul

     Brasil

     
• Localización: Athenea Digital: revista de pensamiento e investigación social, ISSN-e 1578-8946, Vol. 20, Nº. 1, 2020
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.5565/rev/athenea.2279
• Títulos paralelos:
  • El inconsciente en psicología social y psicología: una metáfora para sus crisis
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Resumen
  • español

    Este ensayo teórico hace un análisis crítico de una metáfora (Brown & Stenner, 2009) para las crisis en psicología y psicología social, sus objetos de estudio y antropologías filosóficas relacionadas: Moby-Dick. Al interpretarla simbólicamente como mito, planteamos que la cuestión central para las crisis ha sido el concepto de inconsciente. Así revaloramos la historia y orígenes sociales del concepto, centrándonos en el psicoanálisis freudiano y su mito, “la leyenda freudiana”: cómo su noción de sujeto, modelo de psicología, y concepto de inconsciente han impactado la psicología (social), culminando con un análisis del inconsciente en la psicología social hoy. Concluimos presentando una propuesta: una antropología filosófica distinta basada en el rescate de un concepto humanista de inconsciente, y del campo simbólico, como fundamento para el social (cultura) y el sujeto, y así para una nueva psicología social que re-une modelos de las ciencias naturales y humanas.

  • English

    This theoretical essay analyses critically a metaphor, advanced by Brown and Stenner (2009), for the crises in social psychology and psychology, their objects of study and related philosophical anthropologies: Moby-Dick. In interpreting it symbolically as a myth, we argue that the core question for the crises was the concept of unconscious. Thus we reassess the social history and origins of such concept, centered around Freudian Psychoanalysis and its myth, the “Freudian legend” — how its notion of a subject, model of psychology, and concept of unconscious impacted (social) psychology, culminating in an analysis of the unconscious in social psychology today. We conclude by advancing a proposal: a different philosophical anthropology based on the rescue of a humanist concept of the unconscious, and the symbolic realm, as foundation for both the social (culture) and the subject, and thus for a new social psychology that re-unites Naturwissenschaft- and Geisteswissenschaft-models.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Adorno, Theodor W. (1970/1997). Aesthetic theory (R. Hullot-Kentor, trans.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Allesch, Christian G. (2012). Hans Driesch and the problems of “normal psychology”: Rereading his Crisis in Psychology (1925). Stud Hist Philos...
  • Apfelbaum, Erika (1992). Some lessons from the history of social psychology. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 33(3), 529-539.
  • Assoun, Paul-Laurent (1981). Introduction à l’épistémologie freudienne. Paris: Payot.
  • Bakhtin, Mikhail M. (1929/1984). Problems of Dostoevsky’s poetics (C. Emerson, Trans.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Banaji, Mahzarin R.; Lemm, Kristi M., & Carpenter, Siri J. (2001). The social unconscious. In Abraham Tesser & Norbert Schwartz (Eds.),...
  • Bargh, John A., & Morsella, Ezequiel (2008). The unconscious mind. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00064.x
  • Bergson, Henri (1901/1920). On dreams. In Mind Energy Lectures and Essays (trans. H. W. Carr) (pp. 84-108). London: Macmillan.
  • Bloom, Harold (2007). Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick. New York: Chelsea House.
  • Brentano, Franz (1874/1973). Psychology from an empirical standpoint. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Brodhead, Richard H. (Ed.) (1986). New essays on Moby Dick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brown, Steve D., & Stenner, Paul (2009). Psychology without foundations: History, philosophy and psychosocial theory. London: Sage.
  • Brown, Steve D., & Stenner, Paul (2010). Psychology without Foundations Seminar. Seminar presented at the Department of Social Psychology,...
  • Burkitt, Ian (2010a). Dialogues with Self and Others: Communication, miscommunication, and the Dialogical Unconscious. Theory & Psychology,...
  • Burkitt, Ian (2010b). Fragments of unconscious experience: Towards a dialogical, relational and sociological analysis. Theory & Psychology,...
  • Campbell, Joseph (1949/2004). The hero with a thousand faces. Princeton: Princeton University press.
  • Carus, Carl G. (1846/1989). Psyche: on the development of the soul. Dallas: Spring.
  • Cassirer, Ernst (1944). An essay on man: an introduction to a philosophy of human culture. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Chevalier, Jean & Gheerbrant, Alain (1969/1990). Dictionnaire des symboles: Mythes, rêves, coutumes, gestès, formes, figures, couleurs,...
  • Cioffi, Frank (1974/1998). Was Freud a liar? In Freud and the question of pseudoscience (pp. 199-205). Chicago: Open Court.
  • Cioffi, Frank (2005). Épistémologie et mauvaise foi: le cas du freudisme. In Catherine Meyer (Ed.), Le livre noir de la psychanalyse (pp....
  • Crews, Frederick (1986). Skeptical engagements. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cusack, Andrew (2008). The wanderer in nineteenth-century German literature: intellectual history and cultural criticism. New York: Camden...
  • Damergian, Sueli (1991). O inconsciente na interação humana. Psicologia USP, 2(1-2), 65-76. Retrieved from http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-51771991000100006&lng=pt&tlng=pt
  • Danziato, Leonardo J. B. (2010). O dispositivo de gozo na sociedade do controle. Psicologia & Sociedade, 22(3), 430-437. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-71822010000300003
  • Dilthey, Wilhelm (1883/2006). Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften. In Gesammelte Schriften (Vol. 1, pp. 103-241). Breslau: Breslauer Ausarbeitung.
  • Dowd, James J. (1991). Social psychology in a postmodern age: A discipline without a subject. American Sociologist, 22, 188-210.
  • Driesch, Hans (1925). The crisis in psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Easthope, Antony (1990). ‘I gotta use words when I talk to you’: Deconstructing the theory of communication. In Ian Parker & John Shotter...
  • Edinger, Edward (1995). Melville's Moby-Dick: An American nekyia. Toronto: Inner City.
  • Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970/1981). The discovery of the unconscious: The history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
  • Elms, Alan C. (1975). The crisis of confidence in social psychology. American Psychologist, 30, 967-976.
  • Estramiana, José Luis A.; Luque, Alicia G.; Gallo, Inge S., & Peris, José Ramón T. (2007). Introducción a la psicología social sociológica....
  • Eysenck, Hans (1985). Decline and fall of the Freudian Empire. London: Viking.
  • Falzeder, Ernst (1998). Family tree matters. J of Anal Psychology, 43(1), 127–54.
  • Franklin, Howard B. (1963). The wake of the gods: Melville’s mythology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Fraser, Christopher O. (2003). Two Social Psychologies: a psychologist’s view. In Conference Proceedings of the 2003 Sociological Assoc of...
  • Freitas, Miriam G. (1991). Taipas e toupeiras. Porto Alegre: Fonte Phi.
  • Freud, Sigmund (1895/1966). The project for a scientific Psychology. In Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud,...
  • Freud, Sigmund (1900/2010). The interpretation of dreams: The complete and definitive text (J. Strachey, Ed.). New York: Basic Books.
  • Freud, Sigmund (1909/2001). Two Case Histories: "Little Hans" and "The Rat Man". In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological...
  • Freud, Sigmund (1914/1980). On the history of the psycho-analytic movement. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of...
  • Freud, Sigmund (1915/1918). Reflections on war and death (A. A. Brill & A. B. Kuttner, Trans.). New York: Moffat, Yard & Co. Retrieved...
  • Freud, Sigmund (1916/1977). Introductory lectures on Psychoanalysis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Freud, Sigmund (1920/1990). Beyond the pleasure principle. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol....
  • Freud, Sigmund (1921/1955). Group psychology and the analysis of the ego. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund...
  • Freud, Sigmund (1923/1990). The ego and the id. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. XIX. New York:...
  • Freud, Sigmund (1924/1974). A short account of psychoanalysis. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud,...
  • Freud, Sigmund (1933/1965). New introductory lectures in Psychoanalysis and other works. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Freud, Sigmund (1933). A philosophy of life. In New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (W. J. H. Sprott, Trans., pp. 216-249. London:...
  • Freud, Sigmund (1938/1949). An outline of Psycho-analysis. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol....
  • Freud, Sigmund (1985). The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess 1887–1904 (Jeffrey M. Masson, Ed.). Cambridge, MA, & London:...
  • Game, Ann (1991). Undoing the social: Towards a deconstructive sociology. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Garrido, Alicia, & Álvaro, José Luis (2007). Psicología social: Perspectivas psicológicas y sociológicas. Madrid: McGraw-Hill.
  • Gauchet, Marcel (1992). L’Inconscient cérébral. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
  • Geertz, Clifford (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. New York: Basic Books.
  • Gergen, Kenneth J. (1973). Social psychology as history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034436
  • Grof, Stanislav (Ed.) (1984). Ancient wisdom and modern science. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Grünbaum, Adolf (1984). The foundations of Psychoanalysis: A philosophical critique. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Harré, Rom (1974). Blueprint for a new science. In Nigel Armistead (Ed.), Reconstructing social psychology (pp. 240-259). Harmondsworth: Pelican.
  • Heidegger, Martin (1946/1976). Brief über den ‘Humanismus’. In Friedrich-Wilhelm von Herrmann (Ed.), Wegmarken (Gesamtausgabe I, Vol. 9, pp....
  • Helmholtz, Hermann von (1867). Handbuch der physiologischen Optik 3. Leipzig: Voss.
  • Henderson, Joseph L. (1964). Ancient myths and modern man. In Carl Gustav Jung (Ed.), Man and his symbols (pp. 104-157). New York: Anchor...
  • Henry, Michel (1985/1993) The Genealogy of Psychoanalysis. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Herbart, Johann F. (1886). Lehrbuch der Psychologie. In Gustav Hartenstein, (Ed.), Johann Friedrich Herbart’s Sämmtliche Werke (Vol. IV, pp....
  • Herd, David (1999). Introduction. In Hermann Melville, Moby Dick (pp. I-XXX). Hertfordshire (UK): Worsworth.
  • Hersch, Edwin L. (2003). From Philosophy to Psychotherapy: A phenomenological model for Psychology, Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis. Toronto:...
  • Holt, Robert R. (1989). Freud reappraised: A fresh look at psychoanalytic theory. New York: Guilford.
  • Husserl, Edmund (1936/1954). Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie. Haag: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • Jaspers, Karl (1913/1973). Allgemeine Psychopathologie. Berlin: Springer.
  • Jones, Ernest (1953). The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, vol. 1. New York: Basic Books.
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1897/1983). The Zofingia lectures. Collected Works of C.G. Jung (Vol. A). Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1912/1949). Psychology of the unconscious: A study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido (B.M. Hinckle, transl.)....
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1917/2006). On the psychology of the unconscious. In Collected Works of C.G. Jung (Vol. 7) (pp. 16-169). Princeton: Princeton...
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1925/2012). Introduction to Jungian psychology: notes of the seminar on analytical psychology given in 1925 (Rev. ed.)....
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1928/1990). The relations between the ego and the unconscious. In Collected Works of C.G. Jung (Vol. 7) (pp. 171-329)....
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1931/1966). The spirit in man, art, and literature. Collected Works of C.G.Jung (Vol. 15). Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1938/1969). Psychology and religion: West and East. 2nd ed. (R. F. C. Hull, transl.). Collected Works of C. G. Jung (Vol....
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1946/1968). The psychology of the transference (R. F. C. Hull, transl.). In Collected Works of C. G. Jung (Vol. 16) (pp....
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1950/1976). The symbolic life: Miscellaneous writings. Collected Works of C.G. Jung (Vol. 18). Princeton: Princeton Univ....
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1951/2006). Aion: Researches into the phenomenology of the self. 2nd ed. (R. F. C. Hull, transl.). Collected Works of C....
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1952/1967). Symbols of transformation: An analysis of the prelude to a case of schizophrenia. Princeton: Princeton University...
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1952/2006). Answer to Job. In Collected Works of C.G. Jung (Vol. 16). Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1955/2006). Mysterium coniunctionis. Collected Works of C. G. Jung (Vol. 14). Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1960/1975). The structure and dynamics of the psyche. Collected Works of C. G. Jung (Vol. 8). Princeton: Princeton Univ....
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1964a). Civilization in transition. 2nd ed. (R. F.C. Hull, transl.). Collected Works of C. G. Jung (Vol. 10). Princeton:...
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (Ed.) (1964b). Man and his symbols. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday.
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1968). The archetypes of the collective unconscious. 2nd ed. (R. F. C. Hull, transl.). Collected Works of C. G. Jung (Vol....
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1973). Letters of C. G. Jung: Volume I, 1906-1950 (Gerard Adler, Ed.). London: Routledge.
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (1976). Letters of C. G. Jung: Volume II, 1951-1961 (Gerard Adler, Ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Jung, Carl Gustav (2012). Introduction to Jungian psychology: notes of the seminar on analytical psychology given in 1925 (Rev. ed.). Princeton:...
  • Kant, Immanuel (1798/1978). Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
  • Kihlstrom, John F. (1999). The rediscovery of the unconscious. Retrieved from http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/rediscovery.htm
  • Koffka, Kurt (1926). Zur Krisis in der Psychologie: Bermerkungen zu dem Buch gleichen Namens von Hans Driesch. Die Naturwissenschaften, 14,...
  • Lacan, Jacques (1966/2005). Écrits (Bruce Fink, trans.). New York and London: Norton.
  • Leibniz, Gottfried (1704/1996). New essays on human understanding, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lubek, Ian (1993). Some reflections on various social psychologies, their histories and historiographies. Sociétés contemporaines, 13 (Special...
  • Macmillan, Malcolm (1991/1997). Freud evaluated: The completed arc. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Malinowski, Bronislaw (1926/1955). Myth in primitive psychology. In Magic, Science and Religion (pp. 93-148). New York: Doubleday.
  • Maritain, Jacques (1957). Freudianism and Psychoanalysis: A Thomist view. In B. Nelson (Ed.), Freud and the 20th Century (pp. 230-258). Cleveland:...
  • Maritain, Jacques (1964). Freudianism and Psychoanalysis. In William Birmingham and Joseph E. Cunneen (Eds.), Cross Currents of Psychiatry...
  • McIntosh, James (1986). The mariner’s multiple quest. In Richard H. Brodhead (Ed.), New essays on Moby-Dick (pp. 23-52). Cambridge: Cambridge...
  • Melville, Herman (1851/1920). Moby Dick, or the White Whale. Boston: C. H. Simonds.
  • Melville, Herman (1852/1996). Pierre: or, the ambiguities. New York: Penguin Classics.
  • Micale, Mark S. (Ed.) (1993a). Beyond the Unconscious: Essays of Henri F. Ellenberger in the History of Psychiatry. Princeton: Princeton University...
  • Micale, Mark S. (1993b). Henri F. Ellenberger (1905-1993). Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 29, 354-355.
  • Micale, Mark S. (1994). Henri F. Ellenberger: The history of psychiatry as the history of the unconscious. In Mark S. Micale & Roy Porter...
  • Micale, Mark S. & Porter, Roy (Eds.) (1994). Discovering the history of psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Minton, Henry L. (1992). Root metaphors and the evolution of American social psychology. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 33(3),...
  • Moscovici, Serge (1972). Society and theory in social psychology. In Joachim Israel & Henri Tajfel (Eds.), The context of social psychology...
  • Moscovici, Serge (1993). The return of the unconscious. Social Research, 60(1), 39-93.
  • Parente, André (2008). A comunicação como nova dimensão da produção de subjetividade. In Neuza Guareschi (Org), Estratégias de invenção do...
  • Parker, Ian (1989). The Crisis in Modern Social Psychology – and how to end it. London: Routledge.
  • Pops, Martin L. (1970). The Melville archetype. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.
  • Ribeiro, Renato J. (2006). Thomas Hobbes o la paz contra el clero. In Atilio A. Boron (Ed.), La filosofía política moderna: de Hobbes a Marx...
  • Ricoeur, Paul (1969/1978). O Conflito das interpretações: Ensaios de hermenêutica (Hilton Japiassu, transl.). Rio de Janeiro: Imago.
  • Ricoeur, Paul (1974). A philosophical interpretation of Freud. In The Conflict of Interpretations (pp. 160-176). Evanston, IL: Northwestern...
  • Rijsman, John, & Stroebe, Wolfgang (1989). The two social psychologies or whatever happened to the crisis? European Journal of Social...
  • Roazen, Paul (1975). Freud and his followers. New York: Knopf.
  • Robinson, Paul (1993). Freud and his critics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Rogers, Wendy S., & Rogers, Rex S. (1997). Does Critical Social Psychology mean the end of the world? In Tomás Ibáñez & Lupicinio...
  • Roiser, Martin (1997). Postmodernism, Postmodernity and Social Psychology. In Tomás Ibáñez & Lupicinio Íñiguez (Eds.), Critical social...
  • Rosés, Magí P., & Gabarrón, Luis R. (1984). La crisis en psicologia social: Elementos para la discusión epistemológica del concepto de...
  • Rosnow, Ralph L. (1981). Paradigms in transition. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ross, Dorothy (1967). On the origins of psychology. American Sociological Review, 32, 466-469.
  • Sayers, Janet (1990) Psychoanalytic feminism: deconstructing power in theory and therapy. In Ian Parker & John Shotter (Eds.), Deconstructing...
  • Schopenhauer, Arthur (1819/1969). The world as will and representation. Mineola, NY: Dover.
  • Shamdasani, Sonu (2003). Jung and the making of modern Psychology: The dream of a science. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
  • Shotter, John (1975). Images of man in psychological research. London: Methuen.
  • Spears, Russell (1997). Introduction. In Tomás Ibáñez & Lupicinio Íñiguez (Eds.), Critical social psychology (pp. 1-26). London: Sage.
  • Spurling, Laurence (Ed.). (1989) Sigmund Freud. Critical Assessments. London: Routledge.
  • Squire, Corinne (1990). Crisis what crisis? Discourses and narratives of the ‘social’ in social psychology. In Ian Parker & John Shotter...
  • Stryker, Sheldon (1977). Developments in ‘Two social psychologies’: Toward an appreciation of mutual relevance. Social Psychology Quarterly,...
  • Stryker, Sheldon (1988). The two psychologies: Additional thoughts. Social Forces, 68, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/68.1.45
  • Sulloway, Frank J. (1979/1992). Freud, biologist of the mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic legend. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Sweeney, Gerard (1975). Melville's use of classical mythology. Amsterdam: Rodopi N.V.
  • Tajfel, Henri (1972). Introduction. In Joachim Israel & Henri Tajfel (Eds.), The context of social psychology: A critical assessment (pp....
  • Taylor, Charles (1989). Sources of the self: the making of modern identity. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
  • Van der Veer, René, & Valsiner, Jaan (1988). Lev Vygotsky and Pierre Janet: On the origin of the concept of sociogenesis. Developmental...
  • Van Rillaer, Jacques (1980). Les illusions de la Psychanalyse. Brussels: Mardaga.
  • Vieira, André G. (2006). A função da história e da cultura na obra de C. G. Jung. Aletheia, 23, 89-100.
  • Voloshinov, Valentin N. (1927/1976). Freudianism: A Marxist critique (I. R. Titunik, transl.). New York: Academic Press.
  • Vygostky, Lev (1925/1971). The Psychology of Art. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org/archive/vygotsky/works/1925/
  • Vygostky, Lev (1927/1987). The historical meaning of the crisis in psychology: A methodological investigation (R. Van der Veer, transl.)....
  • Webb, Eugene (2006). Eros and the psychology of world views. Anthropoetics, 12(1). Retrieved from http://www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu/ap1201/webb06rev.htm
  • Wells, Harry K. (1960). Pavlov and Freud, vol. 2: Sigmund Freud. A Pavlovian critique. New York: International Publishers.
  • Whyte, Lawrence L. (1960). The unconscious before Freud. New York: Basic Books.
  • Willy, Rudolf (1899). Die Krisis in der Psychologie. Leipzig: Reisland.
  • Yaroshevsky, Mikhail (1989). Lev Vygotsky. USSR: Progress Publishers.
  • Zavershneva, Ekaterina (2008). Vygotsky’s intellectual evolution in response to the crisis. In Conference "Crisis Debates in Psychology:...