Resumen de Economía de la Pobreza Energética ¿Por qué y cómo garantizar un acceso universal y equitativo a la energía?

Marco Billi, Catalina Amigo, Rubén Calvo, Anahí Urquiza Gómez

• español

  [5] La aspiración a garantizar un acceso universal y equitativo a energías modernas y no contaminantes, y más específicamente la noción de ‘pobreza energética’, ha ido cobrando relevancia como objetivo de política social durante los últimos años. Sin embargo, carece todavía de una reflexión acabada sobre las justificaciones y consideraciones económicas que podrían motivar y guiar iniciativas públicas en esta dirección, sobre todo en Chile. Aunque los defectos en la provisión privada de energía pueden sentar las bases para una intervención estatal en el sector, no alcanzan para justificar estándares mínimos de consumo como aquellos requeridos por la idea de pobreza energética. Por el contrario, dichos estándares se condicen con una comprensión de la energía como un bien meritorio, a propiciarse con independencia de las preferencias de sus beneficiarios. Esto se hace más evidente al considerar el creciente énfasis, otorgado por la literatura especializada, a transitar desde definiciones limitadas de pobreza energéticas –asociadas a la falta de oportunidades económicas o tecnológicas para el acceso a la energía– hacia comprensiones más integrales y multidimensionales del fenómeno. Estas últimas comprenden la pobreza energética en términos de la efectiva capacidad de toda persona y hogar para acceder a servicios energéticos adecuados para satisfacer sus necesidades, lo que implica poner énfasis sobre la igualación de los beneficios que la energía concretamente proporciona a sus usuarios, en lugar de la mera igualación de la oportunidad de acceder a los servicios energéticos que el mercado ofrece. Esto otorga una incrementada relevancia a la incorporación de los recientes hallazgos que la economía conductual ofrece respecto a la comprensión e intervención en los contextos, hábitos y decisiones de consumo de las personas, de las cuales dichos beneficios dependen.

  -- [1] Candidato a Doctor en Procesos e Instituciones Políticas, e Investigador Joven del Centro de Investigación Modelos de Crisis, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez. Asistente de Investigación del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 e Investigador de la Red de Pobreza Energética, Universidad de Chile. Magíster en Análisis Sistémico aplicado a la Sociedad, Universidad de Chile. Licenciado en Economía, Universitá Commerciale L. Bocconi, Milano, Italia.

  mbilli@alumnos.uai.cl [2] Coordinadora Ejecutiva de la Red de Pobreza Energética. Tesista del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 y estudiante del Magíster en Análisis Sistémico aplicado a la Sociedad, Universidad de Chile. Antropóloga Social, Universidad de Chile.

  catalina.amigo@ug.uchile.cl [3] Investigador de la Red de Pobreza Energética y de NEST, tesista del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 y Estudiante del Magister en Gestión y Políticas Públicas, Universidad de Chile. Sociólogo, Universidad de Chile.

  rcalvo@u.uchile.cl [4] Directora de la Red de Pobreza Energética, Investigadora Asociada del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 y Académica de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile. Doctora en Sociología, Ludwig Maximilians Universität y PhD Environment and Society, Rachel Carson Center, München. Alemania. Magister en Antropología y Desarrollo, Universidad de Chile. Antropóloga Social, Universidad de Chile.

  anahiurquiza@uchile.cl [5] La investigación relacionada con este artículo fue financiada por: CONICYT PFCHA - DOCTORADO NACIONAL 2017 – 21170615 // Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 (FONDAP #1511009) // Red de Pobreza Energética, Universidad de Chile // Magister en Análisis Sistémico aplicado a la Sociedad, Universidad de Chile. Adicionalmente, los autores quieren agradecer al Doctorado en Procesos e Instituciones Políticas de la Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, en cuyo marco se ha desarrollado el presente artículo.

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• English

  The aspiration to guarantee a universal and equitable access to modern and non-polluting energies, and specifically the notion of 'energy poverty', have lately been gaining increasing relevance as objectives of social policy. However, there lacks a profound reflection on the economic justifications and considerations that could motivate and guide public initiatives in this direction, especially for what concerns Chile. Although the existence of failures in the private provision of energy can lay the foundations for a public intervention in the sector, they are not enough to justify minimum consumption standards as those required by the idea of ​​energy poverty. Such standards, on the contrary, are consistent with an understanding of energy as a merit good, a good whose consumption should be propitiated independently of the preferences of its beneficiaries. The above observation is enhanced considering the growing emphasis placed by the specialized literature on transiting from definitions of energy poverty limited to the lack of economic or technological opportunities for the access to energy, towards more comprehensive and multidimensional understandings of the phenomenon. Within the latter, energy poverty must be understood in relation with the effective capacity of every person and household to access energy services adequate to meet their needs. In turn, this places a new emphasis on the equalization of the effective benefits that energy provides to its users –as opposed to, the mere equalization of the opportunity of gaining access to the energy services that the market provides. This shift in attention should lead to give increased relevance to the incorporation of recent findings from behavioural economics, regarding the understanding and intervention of the contexts, habits and consumption decisions from which those benefits depend.

  -- [1] Candidato a Doctor en Procesos e Instituciones Políticas, e Investigador Joven del Centro de Investigación Modelos de Crisis, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez. Asistente de Investigación del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 e Investigador de la Red de Pobreza Energética, Universidad de Chile. Magíster en Análisis Sistémico aplicado a la Sociedad, Universidad de Chile. Licenciado en Economía, Universitá Commerciale L. Bocconi, Milano, Italia.

  mbilli@alumnos.uai.cl [2] Coordinadora Ejecutiva de la Red de Pobreza Energética. Tesista del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 y estudiante del Magíster en Análisis Sistémico aplicado a la Sociedad, Universidad de Chile. Antropóloga Social, Universidad de Chile.

  catalina.amigo@ug.uchile.cl [3] Investigador de la Red de Pobreza Energética y de NEST, tesista del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 y Estudiante del Magister en Gestión y Políticas Públicas, Universidad de Chile. Sociólogo, Universidad de Chile.

  rcalvo@u.uchile.cl [4] Directora de la Red de Pobreza Energética, Investigadora Asociada del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 y Académica de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile. Doctora en Sociología, Ludwig Maximilians Universität y PhD Environment and Society, Rachel Carson Center, München. Alemania. Magister en Antropología y Desarrollo, Universidad de Chile. Antropóloga Social, Universidad de Chile.

  anahiurquiza@uchile.cl [5] La investigación relacionada con este artículo fue financiada por: CONICYT PFCHA - DOCTORADO NACIONAL 2017 – 21170615 // Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 (FONDAP #1511009) // Red de Pobreza Energética, Universidad de Chile // Magister en Análisis Sistémico aplicado a la Sociedad, Universidad de Chile. Adicionalmente, los autores quieren agradecer al Doctorado en Procesos e Instituciones Políticas de la Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, en cuyo marco se ha desarrollado el presente artículo.

  -- BIBLIOGRAPHY Aluchna, M. y Aras, G. 2015. Transforming Governance: New Values, New Systems in the New Business Environment. Surrey, UK: Gower Publishing.

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