La «presidencia imperial» y su evolución en la estructura constitucional de los Estados Unidos de América

• Mendieta, David ^[1] ; Calderón-Valencia, Felipe ^[1]
  1. [1] Universidad de Medellín

     Universidad de Medellín

     Colombia

     
• Localización: Revista de Derecho Político, ISSN 0211-979X, Nº 104, 2019, págs. 257-291
• Idioma: español
• DOI: 10.5944/rdp.104.2019.24315
• Títulos paralelos:
  • The «imperial presidency» and its evolution in the constitutional structure of the United States America
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen
  • español

    Este artículo analiza el concepto de «presidencia imperial» en el derecho constitucional de los Estados Unidos de América desde una perspectiva histórico-institucional. Este análisis se plantea, primero, desde los fundamentos jus-filosóficos del constitucionalismo norteamericano y, segundo, desde el devenir del gobierno presidencial. La bipartición responde la pregunta sobre los límites, institucionales y reales tiene la Presidencia. Se observa que estos no son suficientes, pues las órdenes ejecutivas promueven el protagonismo del Presidente, permitiendo a aquel país transformarse en una gran potencia. Se concluye que la «presidencia imperial» se opone a la república moderada de los Padres Fundadores; la desestructuración de los límites al poder ejecutivo siempre se ajusta a los hechos y avatares del poder político.

  • English

    This article analyzes «Imperial Presidency» in US Constitutional Law from a historical and institutional perspective. This is firstly made from a philosophical foundation of American constitutionalism and secondly from an evolution of the Presidential government. These two parts try to answer the question about the limits of the Federal presidency. It should be noted that these are not enough, because the executive orders promote the President’s role, allowing the US to become a powerful country. The conclusion of this work that the «imperial presidency» is opposed to the moderate republic of the Founding Fathers; the blur limits of the executive department always adjust to the political powerfacts and situations.Summary:INTRODUCTION. II. THE SPIRIT AND ITS STRUCTURE OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION OF 1787. 1. An oxymoron: the weakest power. 2. The separation of powers and the check and balances system. 3. Hamilton, Madison y Marshall: defenders of the Constitution of 1787. II. THE IMPERIAL PRESIDENCY: A THREAT TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE. 1. Birth of the «imperial presidency». 2. Consolidation of the «imperial presidency». 3. Fullness of the «imperial presidency». 4. The «imperial presidency» in a constitutionalism point of view. CONCLUSION.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Bacevich, A. J., The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism, New York, Metropolitan Books Henry Holt and Company, 2008.
  • Bailyn, B., Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, Cambridge, The
  • Belknap Press, 1992.
  • Binoche, B., Introduction à De l’esprit des lois de Montesquieu (2nd ed.), Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2015.
  • Bitecofer, R., The Unprecedented 2016 Presidential Election, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61976-7
  • Blackstone, W., Commentaries on the Laws of England. (D. (Ed’s I. N. and T. A. Lemmings & W. (General E. I. and E. C. and P. Prest, Eds.),...
  • Blick, A., The codes of the Constitution, Oxford, Hart publishing, 2016.
  • Bolingbroke, H., Bolingbroke: Political Writings (D. Armitage, Ed.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Burns, K. J., « The Law: A Constitutionalist’s Defense of Prerogative: Taft’s Our Chief Magistrate and His Powers », Presidential Studies...
  • Calderón-Valencia, F., Valencia-DeLara, P., & Escobar-Sierra, M., Current Status of The Discussion on Human Resources Management: an Alternative...
  • Calderon Valencia, F., Le contrôle a posteriori de la constitutionnalité des lois en droit français et colombien, éléments de compréhension...
  • Chambers, H. L., Lincoln, The Emancipation Proclamation and Executive Power, Maryland Law Review, 73(100), 2013, pp. 100–132.
  • Chu, V. S., & Garvey, T., Executive Orders: Issuance, Modification, and Revocation, Washington, 2014 (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20846.pdf,...
  • Constitución de EUA, 1787 (https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm, acceso 2 de marzo de 2018)
  • Conway, M. D., Chapters of History Disclosed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph, Read Books, 2008.
  • Cunha, S. F., Alaska. In M. E. Page & P. M. Sonnenburg (Eds.), Colonialism : an international social, cultural, and political encyclopedia...
  • Declaratory Act (trans. from the original) (1766) (http://www.stamp-act-history.com/documents/1766-declaratory-act-original-text/, acceso...
  • Dicey, A. V., Introduction to the study of the law of the constitution (M. E. Roger, Ed.), Indianapolis, Liberty Fund, 1982.
  • Elster, J., Collective Action in America Before 1787, en Morality, Governance, and Social Institutions, Cham, Springer International Publishing,...
  • Executive Orders Disposition Tables Index - National Archives.
  • Fabbrini, S., El ascenso del príncipe democrático: quién gobierna y cómo se gobiernan las democracias, Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica,...
  • Feldman, S. M., The new Roberts court, Donald Trump, and our failing constitution, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
  • Fioravanti, M., Constitución: de la antigüedad a nuestros días. In Colección estructuras y procesos - serie derecho, Madrid, Trotta, 2001,...
  • Fisher, L., « Judicial Review of the War Power », en Presidential Studies Quarterly, 35(3), 2005, pp. 466–495 (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00260.x)
  • Franklin, D.P., Pitiful Giants. Presidents in Their Final Terms (1st ed.), New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014 (https://doi.org/DOI 10.1057/9781137408242).
  • García de Enterría, E., La Constitución como norma y el Tribunal Constitucional (4th ed.), Madrid, Editorial Civitas, 2006.
  • Gary L. Gregg., The Presidential Republic: Executive Representation and Deliberative Democracy, Boston, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,...
  • Genovese, M. A., The Power of the American Presidency: 1789-2000, New York, Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • González Quintero, R., « Ley fundamental, supremacía de la Constitución y control de constitucionalidad: una aproximación distinta a la sentencia...
  • Greenstein, F. I., « The Policy-Driven Leadership of James K. Polk: Making the Most of a Weak Presidency », en Presidential Studies Quarterly,...
  • Hamilton, A., Madison, J., & Jay, J., The Federalist Papers (L. Goldman, Ed.), New York, Oxford University, Press, 2008.
  • Harrington, J., “The Commonwealth of Oceana” and “A System of Politics.” (J. G. A. Pocock, Ed.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Harvard Law School Library, Bracton Online search page, 2003 (http://bracton.law.harvard.edu/Common/SearchPage.htm, acceso el 16 de febrero...
  • Healy, D. J., US Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s, Madison, Univesity of Wisconsin Press, 1970
  • Helmholz, R. H., « Bonham’s Case, Judicial Review, and the Law of Nature», en Journal of Legal Analysis, 1(1), 2009, pp. 325–354 (https://doi.org/10.4159/jla.v1i1.5)
  • Jackson, A., President Jackson’s Message of Protest to the Senate; April 15, 1834 (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/ajack006.asp, acceso...
  • Jackson, R. H., The struggle for judicial supremacy: A study of a crisis in American power politics, New York, Vintage books, 1962.
  • Kantorowicz, E. H., The King’s Two Bodies. A Study in Medieval Political Theory, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1985.
  • Keating, M., & Laforest, G. (2018): « Federalism and Devolution: The UK and Canada. In Constitutional Politics and the Territorial Question...
  • Ketcham, R. (Ed.)., The Anti-Federalist Papers and The Constitutional Convention Debates, Saint Louis, Turtleback School & Library Binding...
  • Kleinerman, B. A., « The Constitutional Ambitions of James Madison’s Presidency », en Presidential Studies Quarterly, 44(1), 2014, pp. 6–26....
  • Lambert, E., El gobierno de los jueces y la lucha contra la legislación social en los Estados Unidos: la experiencia americana del control...
  • Locke, J., Two Treatises of Gouvernment. The Works of John Locke in Nine Volumes (12th ed., Vol. 4), London: Rivington, 1824.
  • Madison, J., The complete Madison: his basic writings (Saul Kussi, Ed.), New York, Harper & Brothers, 1953.
  • Major, M., The Unilateral Presidency and the News Media The Politics of Framing Executive Power, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014 (https://doi.org/DOI...
  • Martínez Mulero, I., « El frenesí legislativo después del 11-S, ¿Derechos humanos versus seguridad nacional? », en Revista Aequitas, 1, 2011,...
  • Mayer, K. R., « Executive Orders and Presidential Power », en The Journal of Politics, 61(2), 1999, pp. 445–466 (https://doi.org/10.2307/2647511)
  • McMahon, K. J., « Presidents, Political Regimes, and Contentious Supreme Court Nominations: A Historical Institutional Model », en Law &...
  • Mendieta González, D., Peláez Arango, F., Restrepo Tamayo, J. F., Ferrer Murillo, J. M., Toledo Perdomo, J. F., Amaya Castrillón, J. C., Gallo...
  • Mendieta, D. y Tobón, M.L. (2018). La separación de poderes y el sistema de pesos y contrapesos en Estados Unidos: del sueño de Hamilton,...
  • Montesquieu, C.-L. de S., Del Espíritu de las leyes (D. Moreno, Ed.) (20th ed.), Mexico, Porrua, 2015.
  • Montesquieu, C.-L. de S., Oeuvres complètes, Tome II. (R. Caillois, Ed.), Paris, Gallimard, 1951.
  • Morgan, E. S., & Morgan, H. M., The Stamp act crisis. Prologue to revolution, Williamburg, University of North Carolina Press, 1953.
  • Mueller, J. E., « Success and Failure in Using the Bully Pulpit: Lincoln, Roosevelt, and Taft and the Importance of Press Relations », en...
  • Ortiz JR, D. (2004). « La Presidencia de los Estados Unidos ¿un modelo de poder ejecutivo?, en Espacio Tiempo Y Forma. Serie V, Historia Contemporánea,...
  • «Papers of Dr. James McHenry on the Federal Convention of 1787», en The American Historical Review, 11(3), 1906, pp. 595–624 (https://doi.org/DOI:...
  • Pasquino, P., Sieyès et l’invention de la Constitution en France (1st ed.), Paris, Éditions Odile Jacob, 1998.
  • Peters, B. G., The United States of America. In Government Agencies, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012, pp. 69–76 (https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230359512_7)
  • Posner, E. A., & Vermeule, A., The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, New York, Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • President of the United States of America, Proclamation 104, September 15, 1863—Suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus Throughout the United...
  • President of the United States of America, Proclamation 95—Regarding the Status of Slaves in States Engaged in Rebellion Against the United...
  • President of the United States of America, Executive Order 283, December 8, 1904—Waiving Civil Service Requirements of United States Citizenship...
  • President of the United States of America, Executive Order 9066—Authorizing the Secretary of War To Prescribe Military Areas, February 19,...
  • President of the United States of America, Executive Order 12774—Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees, Septembre 27, 1991 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12774,...
  • President of the United States of America, Executive Order 13234—Presidential Task Force on Citizen Preparedness in the War on Terrorism,...
  • «Proclamation of the Military Occupation of Santo Domingo by the United States», en The American Journal of International Law, 11(2 Supplement:...
  • Racheter, D. P., & Wagner, R. E. (2002): The Constitutional Framework for Democratic Taxation, en Politics, Taxation, and the Rule of...
  • Roosevelt, F. D., The year of crisis, 1933: with a special introduction and explanatory notes by President Roosevelt, en The public papers...
  • Rudalevige, A., « The Contemporary Presidency: Executive Orders and Presidential Unilateralism », en Presidential Studies Quarterly, 42(1),...
  • Rudalevige, A., « The Contemporary Presidency: Executive Orders and Presidential Unilateralism », en Presidential Studies Quarterly, 42(1),...
  • Ryan, E., « Federalism and the Tug of War Within: Seeking Checks and Balance in the Interjurisdictional », en Maryland Law Review, 66(3),...
  • Schlesinger, A. M., War and the American presidency, London, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2004.
  • Shapiro, M., « Revisión Judicial a priori y a posteriori: los modelos norteamericano y europeo », en Revista Chilena de Derecho (XXIV Jornadas...
  • Smith, D. C., Sir Edward Coke and the reformation of the laws : religion, politics and jurisprudence, 1578-1616, Cambridge, Cambridge University...
  • Stamp Act (trans. from the original). (1765). Retrieved February 5, 2018 (www.stamp-act-history.com/stamp-act/stamp-act-of-1765-original-text/,...
  • Starr-Deelen, D. G., Counter-terrorism from the Obama administration to President Trump : caught in the fait accompli war (1st ed.), Cham,...
  • Tocqueville, A. de., La democracia en América, Madrid, Ediciones AKAL, 2007.
  • Treanor, W. M., « Judicial Review Before Marbury », en Standford Law Review, 58(2), 2005, pp. 455–562 (http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1033,...
  • Troper, M., La séparation des pouvoirs et l’histoire constitutionnelle française (1st ed.), Paris, LGDJ-Montchrestien, 1980
  • Tuathail, G. Ó., & Agnew, J., « Geopolitics and discourse: Practical geopolitical reasoning », en American foreign policy. Political Geography,...
  • Tobon, M. y Mendieta, D. (2017). «Los estados de excepción en el régimen constitucional colombiano». Opinion Jurídica, 31, 67-88. https://doi.org/10.22395/ojum.v16n31a3
  • Turner, K., « The Midnight Judges », en Penn Law Review, 4(109), 1961, pp. 494–523 (http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6949&context=penn_law_review,...
  • Twombly, J., The Progression of the American Presidency. Individuals, Empire, and Change (1st ed.), New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013 (https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137300546)
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Article 4, Section 2, Clause 1: Bayard v. Singleton 1 N.C (1787).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Vanhorne’s Lessee v. Dorrance 2 U.S. 304 (1795).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Hylton v. United States: 3 U.S. Dall. 171 (1796).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Article 3, Section 2, Clause 1: Cooper v. Telfair Document 45 4 Dall. 14 (1800).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 4 Wheat. 316 316 (1819).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264 (1821).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Article 3, Section 2, Clause 1: United States v. Yale Todd (1794), IN United States v. Ferreira Document 37 13 How. 40...
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Adkins v. Children’s Hosp (1923).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Home Building & Loan Assn. v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398 (1934).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. (1935). Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388.
  • U.S. Supreme Court. United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1937).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Article 3, Section 2, Clause 1: Hayburn’s Case Document 31 2 Dall. 409 (1972).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. EPA v. Mink, 410 U.S. 73 (1973).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723 (2008).
  • U.S. Supreme Court. Jesner v. Arab Bank, No. 13-3605 (2d Cir. 2015) (2015).
  • Underwood, J. E., « Lincoln: A Weberian Politician Meets the Constitution », en Presidential Studies Quarterly, 34(2), 2004, pp. 341–365 (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00048.x)
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC (2017).
  • Valadés, D., « El Presidencialismo Latinoaméricano en el siglo XIX », en Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado, 44, 1982, pp. 613–626 (https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iij.24484873e.1982.44)
  • Vermeule, A., Law’s Abnegation. From Law’s Empire to the Administrative State (1st ed.), Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2016.
  • Whittaker, S., « El Precedente en el Derecho Inglés: una visión desde la Ciudadela », en Revista Chilena de Derecho, 35(1), 2008, pp. 37–83...
  • Wilson, W. Congressional government : a study in American politics (M. and C. Houghton, Ed.), Boston, The Riverside Press, 1885 (https://ia800604.us.archive.org/12/items/congressionalgov00wils_0/congressionalgov00wils_0.pdf,...
  • Winters, J. A., « General Principles of Constitutional Adjudication: The Political Foundations of Constitutional Law », en William & Mary...
  • Wolff, M., Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House (1st ed.), London, Henry Holt and Co., 2018
  • Zelizer, J. E., « The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933-1938 », en Presidential...
  • Zoller, E., De Nixon à Clinton : malentendus juridiques transatlantiques (1st ed.), Paris, PUF, 1999.
  • Zoller, E., Droit constitutionnel (2nd ed.), Paris, PUF, 1999.
  • Zoller, E., « Le juge constitutionnel est-il un contre-pouvoir ? Table ronde du Centre français de droit comparé (Paris, 21 juin 2010) »,...
  • Zoller, E., Histoire du gouvernement présidentiel aux États-Unis, Paris, Dalloz, 2011
  • Zoller, E., Introduction au droit public (2nd ed.), Paris, Dalloz, 2013