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International climate policy discussions have fundamentally changed since the fifteenth Conference of the Parties (COP 15) in Copenhagen. Before, the debate was organized around short-term, incremental actions and common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR) was interpreted as putting the responsibility for action on developed countries. Since then, international negotiations have evolved under the increasing pressure from scientific evidence of the negative development impacts of climate change drivers and outcomes (e.g. coal combustion air pollution and sea level rise) and of the increasingly stringent mitigation requirements for climate stabilization. This resulted in international agreement to limit the mean surface temperature increase to 2°C compared with pre-industrial levels, as formalized in the Cancun COP 16 agreement, and recognition that formal participation by all major emitters would be required, as formalized in the Durban COP 17 agreement that each nation would offer voluntary national low-carbon development strategies. These are now called Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs).
