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One of the limits of previous studies using respondents’ self-placements and subjective party placements to examine levels of citizen-government congruence is that they were limited to the post-1995 period. This article extends the number of elections where it is possible to examine levels of citizen-government ideological congruence with a survey-based approach. In particular, a unique dataset has been collected that combines data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems and several national election studies. The results confirm recent studies that show that levels of citizen-government ideological congruence are similar under majoritarian and proportional representation (PR) systems. Such studies, however, did not provide evidence that congruence is maintained over the course of a government's mandate. This article introduces, therefore, two measures of citizen-government congruence that address this issue and that may revive the debate about which electoral systems strengthen the citizen-government connection: citizen-government congruence at the end of government mandates and change in congruence between elections. The results indicate that governments stay closer to the median citizens between elections under PR systems than under majoritarian systems. It is found, however, that this decrease in congruence in majoritarian systems is not detrimental to the point of observing smaller levels of congruence at the end of government mandates under majoritarian systems than under PR systems.
