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Transnational regulatory networks include those formed by private actors, such as the International Accounting Standards Board, those that bring together national (often independent) regulators, such as the International Organization of Securities Commissions, and those that rely on ministry executives, such as the Financial Action Task Force. As these different actors have distinct lawmaking capacities and constraints in their domestic jurisdictions, they structure their networks’ governance and operation accordingly. Each network’s standards consequently appeal to different countries for different reasons. Case studies from international finance illustrate the three network types, and quantitative evidence from 191 countries over twenty years shows distinct patterns of spread.
