Going beyond 'judicial dialogues' and 'conflict-and-power' approaches to the analysis of national constitutional courts' role in the EU - The idea of European constitutional democracy - National constitutional courts constrain individual autonomy expanded by European integration - National constitutional courts defend the scope for political autonomy - Against national constitutional courts' displacement - Simmenthal II - After the 'Rights Revolution' in Europe - National constitutional courts' references to the ECJ - Ordinary courts challenging national constitutional courts through the preliminar y reference procedure - Parallel references - National constitutional courts enforcing EU law - National constitutional courts challenging EU law