Understanding man as existence means making man's finitude the positive criterion of every legitimate relation of thought to what transcends it: existential finitude must not be "overcome" but thoroughly examined. In the present article reference is made to Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Barth, Heidegger, Jaspers, Sartre, and - spilling over into the 18th century so as to grasp the nature of "existential" atheism and nihilism from their beginnings - also Jean Paul. Particular attention is reserved for Kierkegaard's dialectic of "repetition", the figure of Job in Jaspers, Heidegger's Kehre and the role that Heidegger assigns to the "last god". The essay concludes with a comparison between the irreconcilable visions of existence in Heidegger and Sartre.