The immune response in COVID-19 and its outcomes: contribution of risk factors

• Dutra, Patrícia Maria Lourenço ^[1] ; Gomes, Shayane Martins Rodrigues ^[1] ; Brito, Andréia Carolinne de Souza ^[1] ; Santos, Rosiane Freire dos ^[1] ; Oliveira, Ricardo Brandão de ^[1] ; Borges, Juliana Pereira ^[1] ; Oliveira, Joanna Reis Santos de ^[2] ; Silva, Silvia Amaral Gonçalves da ^[1]
  1. [1] Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

     Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

     Brasil

     
  2. [2] nstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IFRJ-FIOCRUZ)
• Localización: Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo, ISSN-e 1989-4155, Vol. 16, Nº. 6, 2024
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.55905/cuadv16n6-116
• Títulos paralelos:
  • A resposta imunológica em COVID-19 e seus resultados: contribuição dos fatores de risco
  • La respuesta inmune en COVID-19 y sus resultados: contribución de los factores de riesgo
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen
  • español

    La pandemia de COVID-19, causada por el SARS-CoV-2, ha provocado una crisis sanitaria mundial que ha puesto de relieve la importancia de comprender la respuesta inmune del huésped a las infecciones virales. Aunque el sistema inmunológico desempeña un papel crucial en el control de la replicación viral y la prevención de enfermedades graves, las respuestas inmunitarias desreguladas pueden provocar daños tisulares graves e insuficiencia orgánica múltiple, como se observa en los casos graves de COVID-19. En esta revisión, analizamos el conocimiento actual sobre la respuesta inmune al SARS-CoV-2, centrándonos en el equilibrio entre las respuestas inmunes protectoras y dañinas. Describimos la respuesta inmune innata temprana, incluido el papel de los interferonesy los inflamasomas, así como la respuesta inmune adaptativa. Además, discutimos los mecanismos de desregulación inmune observados en casos graves de COVID-19, como la tormenta de citoquinas y la autoinmunidad. Finalmente, destacamos la importancia de la investigación en curso sobre la respuesta inmune del huésped al SARS-CoV-2 en el desarrollo de tratamientos y vacunas eficaces.Este artículo analiza los efectos de la respuesta inmune al COVID-19 y cómo los factores de riesgo pueden afectar estos resultados.

  • English

    The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in a global health crisis that has highlighted the importance of understanding the host immune response to viral infections. Although the immune system plays a crucial role in controlling viral replication and preventing serious disease, dysregulated immune responses can lead to severe tissue damage and multiple organ failure, as seen in severe cases of COVID-19. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the balance between protective and harmful immune responses. We describe the early innate immune response, including the role of interferons and inflammasomes, as well as the adaptive immune response. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms of immune dysregulation observed in severe cases of COVID-19, such as cytokine storm and autoimmunity. Finally, we highlight the importance of ongoing research into the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in developing effective treatments and vaccines. This article discusses the effects of the immune response to COVID-19 and how risk factors may impact these outcomes.

  • português

    A pandemia de COVID-19, causada pelo SARS-CoV-2, resultou numa crise de saúde global que destacou a importância de compreender a resposta imunológica do hospedeiro às infecções virais. Embora o sistema imunológico desempenhe um papel crucial no controlo da replicação viral e na prevenção de doenças graves, as respostas imunes desreguladas podem levar a danos teciduais graves e à falência de múltiplos órgãos, como observado em casos graves de COVID-19. Nesta revisão, discutimos o conhecimento atual da resposta imune ao SARS-CoV-2, focando no equilíbrio entre as respostas imunes protetoras e prejudiciais. Descrevemos a resposta imune inata precoce, incluindo o papel dos interferons e inflamassomas, bem como a resposta imune adaptativa. Além disso, discutimos os mecanismos de desregulação imunológica observados em casos graves de COVID-19, como tempestade de citocinase autoimunidade. Finalmente, destacamos a importância da investigação em curso sobre a resposta imune do hospedeiro ao SARS-CoV-2 no desenvolvimento de tratamentos e vacinas eficazes.Este artigo discute os efeitos da resposta imunológica à COVID-19 e como os fatores de risco podem impactar esses resultados.

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