Abrams, M. and Rose, R. (1960) Must Labour Lose? Harmondsworth, Penguin.
Ashcroft, L. (2019a) ‘Lord Ashcroft: How Britain Voted and Why. My 2019 Post-vote
Poll’, accessed at https://www.conservativehome.com/platform/2019/12/lord-ashcrofthow-
britain-voted-and-why-my-2019-post-vote-poll.html...
Ashcroft, L. (2019b) ‘Lord Ashcroft: Would Victories for Johnson and Trump Herald the
Triumph of Conservatism’, accessed at https://www.conservativehome.com/platform/
2019/12/lord-ashcroft-will-victories-for-johnson-and-trump-herald-the-triumph-ofconservatism.
html...
Audickas, L., Dempsey, N. and Loft, P. (2019) ‘Membership of UK Political Parties’,
accessed at https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/
SN05125...
Bale, T., Webb, P. and Poletti, M. (2019) Footsoldiers: Political Party Membership in the
21st Century, London, Routledge.
BBC (2020, February 9) ‘The Inside Story of Election 19’ accessed at https://www.bbc.co.
uk/sounds/play/m000f5rr on 28 February 2020.
BBC (2019, December 11) ‘General Election Poll Tracker: How Do the Parties Compare?’
accessed at https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-49798197...
Boffey, D., Henley, J., O’Carroll, L. andMason, R. (2019) ‘Boris Johnson ‘on brink of Brexit
deal’ after Border Concessions’, accessed at...
British Election Study (2019) ‘Press Release: Most Volatile British Electorate in Modern
Times’, accessed at https://www.britishelectionstudy.com/bes-resources/press-releasemost-
volatile-british-electorate-in-modern-times/#.XlzzQRP7Rp8...
Chorley, M. (2019, December 17) ‘General Election Results: Working Class Switched to
Tories’, accessed at https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/general-election-resultsworking-
class-switched-to-tories-kfwptc6cr...
Clarke, H., Sanders, D., Stewart, M. and Whiteley, P. (2004) Political Choice in Britain,
Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Clarke, H., Sanders, D., Stewart, M. and Whiteley, P. (2009) Performance Politics and the
British Voter, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Commons People (2019) ‘Weak Leadership. Inexperienced Strategists. Poor Policy – A
Chastening Week For The Election Campaigns’, accessed at...
Connolly, J. (2019, December 19) ‘What Impact Did the Brexit Party Have on the General
Election Result?’, accessed at https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/article/what-impact-did-thebrexit-
party-have-on-the-general-election-result-...
Cooper, C. and Cooper, L. (2020) ‘The Devastating Defeat: Why Labour Lost and How It
Can Win Again’, accessed at https://www.europeforthemany.com/tdd-web.pdf...
Curtice, J. (2019) ‘Brexit Reshapes The Basis of Party Support – Again’, accessed at
https://whatukthinks.org/eu/brexit-reshapes-the-basis-of-party-support-again/...
Curtice, J. and Lisi, M. (2015) ‘The Impact of Leaders in Parliamentary and
Presidential Regimes’. In Costa Lobo, M. and Curtice, J. (eds.)...
Curtis, C. (2019) ‘Farage’s Election Stand-down Will Make Little Difference’, accessed at
https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/11/11/unless-polls-movetodays-
announcement-farage-will-...
Donaldson, K. and Ross, T. (2019, December 13) ‘The Ruthless Vote Machine Behind
Boris Johnson’s Big Win’, accessed at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-
12-13/rampant-johnson-gets-roars-and-hugs-while-opponent-faces-despair...
Doward, J. (2019) ‘Voters ‘used as lab rats’ in political Facebook adverts, warn analysts’,
accessed at https://www.britishelectionstudy.com/bes-resources/press-release-most-vo
latile-british-electorate-in-modern-times/#.XlzzQRP7Rp8...
Electoral Commission (2019) ‘Donations and Loans Received by Political Parties and
Non-party Campaigners in the UK’, accessed at https://www.electoralcommission.org.
uk/media-centre/donations-and-loans-received-political-parties-and-non-party-cam
paigners-uk-fourth-weekly-pre-poll...
Electoral Commission (2020) ‘Record year and quarter for political party donations and
loans in Great Britain’, accessed at https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/media-cen
tre/record-year-and-quarter-political-party-donations-and-loans-great-britain...
Electoral Reform Society (2020) Voters Left Voiceless: The 2019 General Election, London,
Electoral Reform Society.
Engel, N. (2019, December 16) ‘The Working Classes are Sick of Being Told What to
Think’, accessed at https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/comment/the-working-classesare-
sick-of-being-told-what-to-think-9cz8l95xt...
Ford, R. and Goodwin, M. (2014) Revolt on the Right: Understanding Support for the
Radical Right in Britain, Abingdon, Routledge.
Ford, R. and Goodwin, M. (2017) ‘Britain after Brexit’, Journal of Democracy, 28, 17–30.
Ford, R. and Jennings, W. (2020) ‘The Changing Cleavage Politics of Western Europe’,
Annual Review of Political Science, 23, 295–1720.
Garcia, D. (2012) ‘Party and Leader Effects in Parliamentary Elections: Towards a
Reassessment’, Politics, 32, 175–185.
Goodwin, M. (2019, December 24), ‘Nine Lessons from the Election: Boris was Lucky –
but He Also Played His Hand Right’, accessed at https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/article/
nine-lessons-from-the-election-boris-was-lucky—but-he-also-played-his-hand-right
on...
Green, J. and Jennings, W. (2017) The Politics of Competence: Parties, Public Opinion and
Voters, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Hooghe, L., Marks, G. and Wilson, C. J. (2002) ‘Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions
on European Integration?’, Comparative Political...
Heath, A., Evans, G. and Martin, J. (1994) ‘The Measurement of Core Beliefs and Values:
The Development of Balances Socialist/Laissez Faire...
Hughes, L. and Parker, G. (2019) ‘Farage Claims Tories Dangled Titles for Brexit Party
Support’ accessed at https://www.ft.com/content/2c8bb0a8-06fc-11ea-a984-fbbaca
d9e7dd...
Ibbetson, C. (2020) ‘It’s a Draw, But Our Poll Shows Corbyn Came Across As More in
Touch’ accessed at https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/11/21/cor
byn-draws-boris...
Inglehart, R. (1997) Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and
Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton, Princeton University...
Jennings, W. and Stoker, G. (2016) ‘The Bifurcation of Politics: Two Englands’, The
Political Quarterly, 87, 372–382.
Jennings, W. and Stoker, G. (2019) ‘The Divergent Dynamics of Cities and Towns:
Geographic Polarisation and Brexit’, The Political Quarterly,...
Johnson, B. (2019) ‘Boris Johnson: Perhaps My Campaign Was ‘Clunking’. But
Sometimes, Clunking Is What You Need’, accessed at https://www.spectator.co.uk/arti
cle/boris-johnson-perhaps-my-campaign-was-clunking-but-sometimes-clunking-is-wh
at-you-need...
Keys, A. (2007) Lesson Learned, New York, Universal Publishing Group.
Langford, E. (2019) ‘AT-A-GLANCE: The Key Moments of the 2019 Election Campaign’,
accessed at https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/politics/news/108505/glance-keymoments-
2019-election-campaign...
Loucaides, D. (2019) ‘The Brexit Party Folded, But Make No Mistake: Farage Won It for
Johnson’, accessed at https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/dec/13/
brexit-party-nigel-farage-boris-johnson-labour-leavers...
McTague, T. (2019) ‘It’s Boris Johnson’s Britain Now’, accessed at https://www.theatlan
tic.com/international/archive/2019/12/boris-johnson-britain-uk-election/603466/...
Norris, P. and Inglehart, R. (2019) Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit and Authoritarian
Populism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
O’Donoghue, D. (2019) ‘Nine key moments from the 2019 general election campaign’,
accessed at https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/politics/uk-politics/1908847/
nine-key-moments-from-the-2019-general-election-campaign/...
Onward (2019) ‘Realignment: How Did the Tories, Win, How Did the Red Wall Fall, and
What Does It Mean for the Future?’ accessed at https://www.ukonward.com/wp-con
tent/uploads/2019/12/Realignment-Onward-deck-1.pdf...
Partington, R. (2019) ‘Conservative Party Manifesto: What It Says and What It Means’,
accessed at https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/24/conservative-mani
festo-the-key-points-policies-boris-johnson...
Payne, S. (2019) ‘UK Set for ‘Most Unpredictable Election’ in Decades, Study Finds’,
accessed at https://www.ft.com/content/3c889084-e9bf-11e9-85f4-d00e5018f061...
Pienaar, J. (2019) ‘General Election 2019: A Campaign Unlike Any Other?’, accessed at
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50432050 on...
Schofield, K. (2019) ‘EXCL Labour Membership Dips Below Half a Million as Tens of
Thousands Leave Party’, accessed at https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/politicalparties/
labour-party/news/105507/excl-labour-membership-dips-below-half-million
on...
Smith, M. (2019) ‘YouGov Snap Poll Finds Another Close Result as Viewers Split on Who
Won BBC Leaders Debate’, accessed at https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articlesreports/
2019/12/06/yougov-due-release-bbc-debate-snap-poll-930pm,...
Smith, T. (2020) ‘Why Did the Conservatives’ Large Lead in Vote Shares Produce Only an
80-Seat Majority?’, accessed at https://www.democraticaudit.com/2020/01/22/whydid-
the-conservatives-large-lead-in-vote-shares-produce-only-an-80-seat-majority/...
Who Targets Me (2019) ‘Boris Johnson is Marmite (and the Tory Facebook ads know it)’,
accessed at https://medium.com/@WhoTargetsMe/boris-johnson-is-marmite-and-thetory-
facebook-ads-know-it-b15de3d1f174...
YouGov (2019a) ‘If You Had To, Which of the Main Party Leaders Would You Spend
Christmas Day With?’, accessed at https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/survey-results/
daily/2019/12/09/aa68a/1...
YouGov (2019b) ‘Political Tracker Polls, Best Prime Minister’, accessed at https://
d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/xqkhf8r3eb/YG%20Trac
kers%20-%20Best%20Prime%20Minister.pdf...
Wheatcroft, G. (2005) The Strange Death of Tory England, London, Allen Lane.
Whiteley, P., Clarke, H., Sanders, D. and Stewart, M. (2013)...
