Gender, Nationalism and Revolution in Western Sahara: Women’s Participation in the Polisario State-Movement

• Strzelecka, Ewa ^[1]
  1. [1] VU University Amsterdam

     VU University Amsterdam

     Países Bajos

     
• Localización: Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos ( REIM ), ISSN-e 1887-4460, Nº. 35, 2023 (Ejemplar dedicado a: La representación en el centro de las controversias sobre el Sahara Occidental; I-XXIII), págs. 116-138
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.15366/reim2023.35.005
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Género, nacionalismo y revolución en Sáhara Occidental: la participación de las mujeres en el Estado-movimiento del Frente Polisario
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Dialnet Métricas: 4 Citas
• Resumen
  • español

    Este artículo analiza las dinámicas de género, revolución y nacionalismo a través de un estudio de caso del Frente Polisario en el Sahara Occidental. Basándose en los resultados de un trabajo de campo en los campamentos saharauis en Tindouf entre 2017-2018, la investigación responde a las preguntas sobre el rol de las mujeres en la lucha por la liberación nacional, construcción de una agenda feminista, la representación de las mujeres en la política y su poder de negociación en las estructuras de un Estado-movimiento.  

  • English

    This paper explores the intersections of gender, nationalism and revolution by analysing the Polisario Front’s ideology, gender dynamics, women’s legal and constitutional rights, political engagement, sexual division of labour and the women’s rights movement. The analysis presented in this article is grounded in ethnographic and archival research conducted in the Saharawi refugee camps of Tindouf between 2017 and 2018. It argues that the emerging Saharawi feminism is an unintended consequence of the social revolution and conflict-induced migration.

       

  • français

           

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • ALMENARA-NIEBLA, Silvia (2023): “’You have raised me between two worlds’: Mothers, daughters, and emotions in the Sahrawi digital diaspora...
  • ALLAN, Joanna (2019): Silenced Resistance: Women, Dictatorship, and Genderwashing in Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea, Madison-Wisconsin,...
  • ALLAN, Joanna (2010): “Imagining Saharawi Women: the Question of Gender in Polisario Discourse,” Journal of North African Studies, vol. 15,...
  • ANDERSON, Benedict (1991): Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London, Verso.
  • BADRAN, Margot (1995): Feminists, Islam, and Nation: Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt, Princeton: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400821433
  • BALAGUER, Soledad, and Rafael Wirth (1976): Frente Polisario: la Última Guerrilla, Barcelona, Laia.
  • BARON, Beth (2004): Egypt as a Woman: Nationalism, Gender, and Politics, Berkeley, University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520940819
  • BARREÑADA, Isaías and OJEDA, Raquel (eds.) (2016): Sahara Occidental: 40 años después, Madrid, Catarata.
  • BECKER, Mary (1999): “Patriarchy and Inequality: Towards a Substantive Feminism,” University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1999 (1), http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1999/iss1/3...
  • BENGOCHEA TIRADO, Enrique (2016): Políticas Imperiales y Género: La Sección Femenina en la Provincia de Sahara (1961-1975), PhD diss., Valencia,...
  • BERNAL, Victoria (2001): “From Warriors to Wives: Contradictions of Liberation and Development in Eritrea,” Northeast African Studies, vol....
  • CARATINI, Sophie (2006): “La Prisión del Tiempo: los cambios sociales en los campamentos de refugiados saharauis,” Cuadernos Bakeaz, nº 77,...
  • CORREALE, Francesco and GIMENO, Juan Carlos (2015): “Sahara Occidental: memorias coloniales, miradas postcoloniales,” Les Cahiers d’EMAM,...
  • CROMPTON, Rosemary (2007): “Gender inequality and the gendered division of labour,” in J. Browne (ed.), The Future of Gender, Cambridge, Cambridge...
  • FIDDIAN-QASMIYEH, Elena (2010): “Ideal Refugee Women and Gender Equality Mainstreaming in the Sahrawi Refugee Camps: good practice for whom?”,...
  • FIDDIAN-QASMIYEH, Elena (2013): The Ideal Refugees: Gender, Islam, and the Sahrawi Politics of Survival, New York, Syracuse University Press.
  • FORAN, John, ed. (1997): Theorizing revolutions, London, Routledge. DOI: https://doi-org.vu-nl.idm.oclc.org/10.4324/9780203206638
  • GOLDMAN, Wendy (1993): Women, the State, and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936, Cambridge, Cambridge University...
  • GOLDSTONE, Jack (2009): “Revolution”, in Todd Landman and Neil Robinson (ed.): The Sage Handbook of Comparative Politics, London, SAGE Publications,...
  • GIMENO, Juan Carlos (2007): Transformaciones Socioculturales de un Proyecto Revolucionario: la lucha del pueblo saharaui por la liberación,...
  • HAMDI, Khadija (1993): “Saharawi women looking to the future”, in Today's Refugees, Tomorrow's Leaders: Report of the Saharawi Women...
  • HAMOUDI, Embarka (2016): La Participación de las Mujeres Saharauis en la Construcción de un Estado saharaui en el Exilio, PhD diss., Castellón...
  • HIGGS, Johanna and RYAN Christine (2015): “Leaders in the Desert: the Sahrawi Women of Western Sahara,” International Journal for Intersectional...
  • HODGES, Tony (1983): “The Origins of Saharawi Nationalism,” Third World Quarterly, vol. 5, nº 1, pp. 28–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436598308419678
  • HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (2014): Off the Radar. Human Rights in the Tindouf Refugee Camps,https://www.policinglaw.info/assets/downloads/Human_Rights_Watch_Report_on_Human_Rights_in_the_Tindouf_Refugee_Camps_(2014).pdf...
  • ISIDOROS, Konstantina (2018): Nomads and Nation-building in Western Sahara, Gender, Politics, and the Sahrawi, London, I.D. Tauris.
  • ISIDOROS, Konstantina (2017a): “Unveiling the Colonial Gaze: Sahrāwī Women in Nascent Nation-state Formation in the Western Sahara,” Interventions,...
  • ISIDOROS, Konstantina (2017b): “The View from Tindouf: Western Saharan Women and the Calculation of Autochthony”, in OJEDA, Raquel, FERNÁNDEZ-MOLINA...
  • JAYAWARDENA, Kumari (1986): Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World, London, Zed Books.
  • JULIANO, Dolores (1998): La Causa Saharaui y las Mujeres: siempre fuimos tan libres, Barcelona, Icaria.
  • KANDIYOTI, Deniz (1991): “Identity and its Discontents: Women and the Nation,” Millennium, vol. 20, nº 3, pp. 429–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298910200031501
  • LIPPERT, Anne (1992): “Sahrawi Women in the Liberation: Struggle of the Sahrawi People,” Signs, vol. 17, nº 3, pp. 636–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/494752
  • McCLINTOCK, Anne (1991): “‘No Longer in a Future Heaven:’ Women and Nationalism in South Africa,” Transition, nº 51, pp. 104–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2935081
  • MEDINA MARTÍN, Rocío (2016): Mujeres Saharauis: experiencias de resistencias y agencias en un devenir feminista descolonial, PhD diss., Seville,...
  • MOGHADAM, Valentine (1997): “Gender and Revolutions,” in John Foran (ed.): Theorizing Revolutions, London, Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203206638-16
  • MOGHADAM, Valentine, ed. (1994): Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies, London, Zed Books.
  • MOLYNEUX, Maxine (1985): “Mobilization without Emancipation? Women's Interests, the State, and Revolution in Nicaragua,” Feminist Studies,...
  • MOLYNEUX, Maxine (1979): “Women and Revolution in the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen,” Feminist Review, vol. 1, nº 1, pp. 4-20....
  • MUNDY, Jacob (2007): “Performing the Nation, Prefiguring the State: the Western Saharan Refugees, Thirty Years Later,” The Journal of Modern...
  • NASSER, Randa, BARGHOUTI, Fidaa and Mousa, Janan (2010): “Feminist Attitudes and Praxis Among Palestinian Women Activists,” Feminist Formations,...
  • UN, General Assembly (1966): Question of Ifni and Spanish Sahara, A/RES/2229, 20 December, https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/2229(XXI) [Consulted:...
  • OJEDA GARCÍA, Raquel, FERNÁNDEZ-MOLINA, Irene and VEGUILLA DEL MORAL, Victoria (eds.) (2017): Global, Regional and Local Dimensions of Western...
  • O’KEEFE, Theresa (2013): Feminist Identity Development and Activism in Revolutionary Movements, London, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • OMAR, Sidi M. (2008): “The Right to Self-determination and the Indigenous People of Western Sahara”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs,...
  • PAPANEK, Hanna (1994): “The Ideal Woman and the Ideal Society: Control and Autonomy in the Construction of Identity,” in Valentine M Moghadam...
  • ROSSETTI, Sonia (2014, August 18): Empowerment of Women through Education. Gender Symposium, University of Queensland, Brisbane, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284295873...
  • SADR Constitution of 1976, http://www.usc.es/export9/sites/webinstitucional/gl/institutos/ceso/descargas/Constitucion-RASD_1976b_es.pdf [Consulted:...
  • SADR Constitution of 2015, http://www.usc.es/export9/sites/webinstitucional/gl/institutos/ceso/descargas/RASD_Constitution-of-SADR-2015_en.pdf...
  • SAN MARTIN, Pablo (2010): Western Sahara: the Refugee Nation, Cardiff, University of Wales Press.
  • SARGENT, Lydia (ed.) (1981): Women and Revolution: A Discussion of the Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism, Montreal, Black Rose Books.
  • SHAYNE, Julia Denise (1999): “Gendered Revolutionary Bridges: Women in the Salvadoran Resistance Movement (1979-1992),” Latin American Perspectives,...
  • SOLANA, Vivian (2017): “Cementing Nationalism: The Role of the Sahrawi Female Revolutionary in her Struggle for Decolonization,” in Francisco...
  • SOLANA, Vivian (2016): “No Somos Costosas, Somos Valiosas: La Lucha de las Mujeres Saharauis Cuarenta Años Después,” in Isaías Barrañeda and...
  • SOLANA, Vivian (2021): “Halted narratives: The combative futurity of Sahrawi female militant’s public memory,” History and Anthropology, vol....
  • SOLANA, Vivian (2022): “Household Militancy: Beyond the Hypervisible Gendered Publics of a Sahrawi Revolutionary Nationalism”, L’Ouest Saharien,...
  • STRZELECKA, Ewa (2018): “A Political Culture of Feminist Resistance: Exploring Women’s Agency and Gender Dynamics in Yemen’s Uprising (2011-2015),”...
  • STRZELECKA, Ewa (2017): Mujeres en la Primavera Árabe: Construcción de una Cultura Política de Resistencia Feminista en Yemen, Madrid, CSIC.
  • TAYLOR, Verta (1999): “Gender and Social Movements,” Gender & Society, vol. 13, nº 1, pp. 8-33.
  • THIRD POLISARIO NATIONAL CONGRESS (1976, September 20): “The 1976 National Action Plan,” Sahara Libre.
  • WIMMER, Andreas, and Yuval Feinstei (2010): “The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001,” American Sociological Review, vol....
  • WILSON, Alice (2016): Sovereignty in Exile: a Saharan Liberation Movement Governs, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI: https://doi-org.vu-nl.idm.oclc.org/10.9783/9780812293159
  • WILSON, Alice (2015): “Refracting Custom in Western Sahara's Quest for Statehood,” Political and Legal Anthropology Review, vol. 38, nº...
  • WILSON, Alice (2012): “Households and the Production of Public and Private Domains: Revolutionary Changes in Western Sahara's Liberation...
  • YVAL-DAVIS, Nira (1997): Gender and Nation, London, Sage Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446222201