Desigualdad económica y confianza social: evidencia de los cambios observados en 19 países entre 1990 y 2020

• Cristian Márquez Romo ^[1]
  1. [1] Universidad de Salamanca

     Universidad de Salamanca

     Salamanca, España

     
• Localización: REIS: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, ISSN 0210-5233, Nº 185, 2024, págs. 119-144
• Idioma: español
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Economic inequality and social trust: evidence from changes observed in 19 countries between 1990 and 2020
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Resumen
  • español

    Análisis agregados o con datos individuales de sección cruzada indican que la desigualdad económica erosiona la confianza social. Este trabajo reevalúa esta asociación distinguiendo entre los componentes transversales y longitudinales de la desigualdad, usando para ello una muestra de casi 140 000 individuos de 19 países, a lo largo de treinta años (1990-2020). Los resultados sugieren que hay una relación negativa y robusta entre desigualdad y confianza entre países controlando por variables sociodemográficas y actitudinales, y por el efecto directo y condicional del ingreso. Los individuos en países con mayor desigualdad reportan sistemáticamente menor confianza social, pero la evidencia es menos consistente con que la confianza varíe con la desigualdad. En la segunda parte del trabajo se reafirman estos hallazgos utilizando datos a nivel subnacional de España entre 2008 y 2022.

  • English

    Relying on aggregate-level or cross-sectional survey data, extant research suggests that economic inequality erodes social trust. In this article we distinguish between cross-sectional and longitudinal components of inequality, using a sample of approximately 140,000 individuals in 19 countries over a thirty year period (1990-2020). Accounting for individual-level predictors as well as the direct and conditional effect of income, findings suggest a strong negative association between inequality and trust among countries. Individuals from countries with higher levels of inequality systematically report lower levels of trust, but evidence is less clear to substantiate that individuals are less trusting of one another during times of higher inequality. In the second part of the paper, we reassess these findings using subnational data for Spain between 2008 and 2022.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Alesina, Alberto y La Ferrara, Eliana (2002). «Who Trusts Others?». Journal of Public Economics, 85(2): 207-234.
  • Beck, Nathaniel (2001). «Time-series-cross-section Data: What Have We Learned in the Past Few Years?». Annual Review of Political Science,...
  • Berning, Carl y Ziller, Conrad (2017). «Social Trust and Radical Right-wing Populist Party Preferences». Acta Politica, 52: 198-217.
  • Bjørnskov, Christian (2007). «Determinants of Generalized Trust: A Cross-country Comparison». Public Choice, 130: 1-21.
  • Bjørnskov, Christian (2008). «Social Trust and Fractionalization: A Possible Reinterpretation». European Sociological Review, 24(3): 271-283.
  • Bricker, Jesse; Krimmel, Jacob y Ramcharan, Rodney (2021). «Signaling Status: The Impact of Relative Income on Household Consumption and Financial...
  • Coffé, Hilde y Geys, Benny (2006). «Community Heterogeneity: A Burden for the Creation of Social Capital?». Social Science Quarterly, 87(5):...
  • Coleman, James (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Converse, Nathan y Kapstein, Ethan B. (2008). «Poverty, Inequality, and Democracy: Why Democracies Fail». Journal of Democracy, 19(4): 57-68....
  • Cook, Karen S. (2005). «Networks, Norms, and Trust: The Social Psychology of Social Capital». Social Psychology Quarterly, 68(1): 4-14.
  • Cozzolino, Philip J. (2011). «Trust, Cooperation, and Equality: A Psychological Analysis of the Formation of Social Capital». British Journal...
  • Daniels, Joseph P. y Ruhr, Marc von der (2010). «Trust in Others: Does Religion Matter?». Review of Social Economy, 68(2): 163-186.
  • Delhey, Jan y Newton, Kenneth (2003). «Who Trusts? The Origins of Social Trust in Seven Societies». European Societies, 5(2): 93-137.
  • Diez Roux, Ana V. (2003). Potentialities and Limitations of Multilevel Analysis in Public Health and Epidemiology. En: D. Courgeau (ed.)....
  • Dingemans, Ellen e Ingen, Erik van (2015). «Does Religion Breed Trust? A Cross-national Study of the Effects of Religious Involvement, Religious...
  • Duijndam, Sem y Beukering, Pieter van (2021). «Understanding Public Concern about Climate Change in Europe, 2008–2017: The Influence of Economic...
  • Durkheim, Emilie (1984) [1893]. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: The Free Press.
  • Easterly, William (2007). «Inequality Does Cause Underdevelopment: Insights from a New Instrument». Journal of Development Economics, 84:...
  • Fairbrother, Malcolm (2014). «Two Multilevel Mode- ling Techniques for Analyzing Comparative Longitudinal Survey Datasets». Political Science...
  • Fairbrother, Malcolm y Martin, Isaac W. (2013). «Does Inequality Erode Social Trust? Results from Multilevel Models of US States and Counties»....
  • Feenstra, Robert C.; Inklaar, Robert y Timmer, Marcel P. (2015). «The Next Generation of the Penn World Table». American Economic Review,...
  • Freitag, Markus y Bühlmann, Marc (2009). «Crafting Trust. The Role of Political Institutions in a Comparative Perspective». Comparative Political...
  • Freitag, Markus y Traunmüller, Richard (2009). «Spheres of Trust: An Empirical Analysis of the Foundations of Particularised and Generalised...
  • Fukuyama, Francis (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press.
  • Gallego, Aina (2016). «Inequality and the Erosion of Trust among the Poor: Experimental Evidence». Socio-Economic Review, 14(3): 443-460.
  • Graafland, Johan y Lous, Bjorn (2019). «Income Inequality, Life Satisfaction Inequality and Trust: A Cross Country Panel Analysis». Journal...
  • Hardin, Russell (2006). Trust. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Hastings, Orestes P. (2018). «Less Equal, Less Trusting? Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Effects of Income Inequality on Trust in U.S. States,...
  • Heisig, Jan P. y Schaeffer, Merlin (2019). «Why You Should Always Include a Random Slope for the Lower-Level Variable Involved in a CrossLevel...
  • INE. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2021). Indicadores de Calidad de Vida. Desigualdad S80/S20. Disponible en: https:// www.ine.es/ss/Satellite?L=es_ES&c=INESecci...
  • Inglehart, Ronald y Flanagan, Scott (1987). «Value Change in Industrial Societies». American Political Science Review, 81(4): 1289-1319.
  • Johnson, Noel D. y Mislin, Alexandra (2012). «How much Should We Trust the World Values Survey Trust Question?». Economics Letters, 116(2):...
  • Jordahl, Henrik (2007). «Inequality and Trust». IFN Working Paper No. 715. Disponible en: https:// www.ifn.se/Wfiles/wp/wp715.pdf, acceso...
  • Kanitsar, Georg (2022). «The Inequality-Trust Nexus Revisited: At What Level of Aggregation Does Income Inequality Matter for Social Trust?»....
  • Kawachi, Ichiro; Kennedy, B. P.; Lochner, K. y Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997). «Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Mortality». American Journal...
  • Kennedy, B. P.; Kawachi, I.; Prothrow-Stith, D.; Lochner, K. y Gupta, V. (1998). «Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Firearm Violent Crime»....
  • Knack, Stephen y Keefer, Philip (1997). «Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross Country Investigation». Quarterly Journal of...
  • La Porta, Rafael; Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio; Shleifer, Andrei y Vishny, Robert W. (1997). «Trust in Large Organizations». American Economic...
  • Morris, Stephen D. y Klesner, Joseph L. (2010). «Corruption and Trust: Theoretical Considerations and Evidence From Mexico». Comparative Political...
  • Piketty, Thomas y Saez, Emmanuel (2014). «Inequality in the Long Run». Science, 344(6186): 838-843.
  • Ridgeway, Cecilia (2014). «Why Status Matters for Inequality». American Sociological Review, 79: 1-16.
  • Rothstein, Bo y Uslaner, Eric M. (2005). «All for All: Equality, Corruption, and Social Trust». World Politics, 58(1): 41-72.
  • Sampson, Robert J.; Morenoff, Jeffrey D. y GannonRowley, Thomas (2002). «Assessing “Neighborhood Effects”: Social Processes and New Directions...
  • Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego (2020). The Costs of Inequality in Latin America: Lessons and Warnings for the Rest of the World. London: I. B. Tauris.
  • Schmidt-Catran, Alexander W. (2016). «Economic Inequality and Public Demand for Redistribution: Combining Cross-sectional and Longitudinal...
  • Schmidt-Catran, Alexander W. y Fairbrother, Malcolm (2015). «The Random Effects in Multilevel Models: Getting Them Wrong and Getting Them...
  • Schmidt-Catran, Alexander W.; Fairbrother, Malcolm y Andreß, Hans-Jürgen (2019). «Multilevel Models for the Analysis of Comparative Survey...
  • Scruggs, Lyle y Benegal, Salil (2012). «Declining Public Concern about Climate Change: Can We Blame the Great Recession?». Global Environmental...
  • Seawright, Jason y Gerring, John (2008). «Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options»....
  • Solt, Frederick (2020). «Measuring Income Inequality Across Countries and Over Time: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database». Social...
  • Subramanian, S. V. y Kawachi, Ichiro (2004). «Income Inequality and Health: What Have We Learned So Far?». Epidemiologic Reviews, 26: 78-91.
  • Subramanian, S. V.; Jones, Kelvyn; Kaddour, Afamia y Krieger, Nancy (2009). «Revisiting Robinson: The Perils of Individualistic and Ecologic...
  • Suryahadi, Asep; Al Izzati, Ridho; Suryadarma, Daniel y Dartanto, Teguh (2023). «How Inequality Affects Trust in Institutions: Evidence from...
  • Svendsen, Gert T. y Svendsen, Lind H. (2008). Handbook of Social Capital. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Uslaner, Eric M. (2002). The Moral Foundations of Trust. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Uslaner, Eric M. (2008). «The Foundations of Trust: Macro and Micro». Cambridge Journal of Economics, 32(2): 289-294.
  • Uslaner, Eric M. y Brown, Mitchell (2005). «Inequality, Trust, and Civic Engagement». American Politics Research, 33(6): 868-894.
  • Welch, Michael R.; Sikkink, David y Loveland, Matthew T. (2007). «The Radius of Trust: Religion, Social Embeddedness and Trust in Strangers»....
  • Wilkinson, Richard G. y Pickett, Kate E. (2009). «Income Inequality and Social Dysfunction». Annual Review of Sociology, 35: 493-511.
  • Wilkinson, Richard G. y Pickett, Kate E. (2017). «The Enemy between Us: The Psychological and Social Costs of Inequality». European Journal...
  • You, Jong-Sung y Khagram, Sanjeev (2005). «A Comparative Study of Inequality and Corruption». American Sociological Review, 70(1): 136-157....
  • Zucman, Gabriel (2019). «Global Wealth Inequality». Annual Review of Economics, 11(1): 109-138.