Acceso usuarios
Parma, Italia
From 1936 onwards, after the failure of many existing parliaments in European countries, authors in France and Italy developed ideas for parliamentary systems in which the community, not the individual voter, would be directly represented. Giorgio Campanini compares the key writings on this topic of Emmanuel Mounier, Jacques Maritain and Adriano Olivetti. Whereas Mounier conceived of national and local groups being represented along economic, juridical, educational and other divides, supported by referenda, Maritain laid more emphasis on the forces of production and consumption receiving separate representation. Influenced by his French precursors, the typewriter entrepreneur Olivetti inspired the Italian ‘Communitarian Movement’ with his detailed federal scheme of 1945. It built upon local communities of 75–150,000 inhabitants each, as well as other units representing capital and labour. Although facing situations different from those sixty years later, these three authors tackled the perennial problem of the alienation of the individual voter from the parliamentary system.
