Change tolerance, group focus and students’ entrepreneurial intentions: does gender matter?

• Gloria Haddad ^[1] ; Ghada Haddad ^[2] ; Gautam Nagpal ^[2]
  1. [1] Saint Joseph University of Beirut
  2. [2] ESC Pau Business School
• Localización: European journal of management and business economics, ISSN-e 2444-8494, ISSN 2444-8451, Vol. 31, Nº. 2, 2022, págs. 192-209
• Idioma: inglés
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen

  • Purpose – This study examines the impact of cultural dimensions on entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) and the mediating role of planned behavior (TPB) determinants between change tolerance (CT), group focus (GF), and EIs for both men and women in the context of international business schools.

    Design/methodology/approach – Using a quantitative research design, data were collected in France through anonymous questionnaires. The data consisted of responses from 480 business students. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and the bootstrap method with PROCESS macro were used to determine the significance of the mediation effects.

    Findings – Results reveal the strong impact of CT on the EIs of both men and women through TPB antecedents. They also indicate that GF has an indirect effect on EIs through TPB antecedents for men and an indirect multiple mediation effect on EIs through CT and TPB antecedents for both men and women.

    Originality/value – The extended TPB model is original in that it supports both the determinants of planned behavior and cultural dimensions and provides a valuable perspective through its findings on cultural and gender diversity in entrepreneurship.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Ajzen, I. (1991), “Theory of planned behavior”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 50 No. 2, pp. 179-211, doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
  • Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W. (1988), “Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach”, Psychological...
  • Anlesinya, A., Adepoju, O.A. and Richter, U.H. (2019), “Cultural orientation, perceived support, and participation of female students in formal...
  • Bandura, A. (1977), “Self-efficacy: towards a unifying theory of behavioral change”, Psychological Review, Vol. 84 No. 2, pp. 191-215, doi:...
  • Baron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), “Moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and...
  • Bogatyreva, K., Edelman, L.F., Manolova, T.S., Osiyevskyy, O. and Shirokova, G. (2019), “When do entrepreneurial intentions lead to actions?...
  • Boubker, O., Arroud, M. and Ouajdouni, A. (2021), “Entrepreneurship education versus management students' entrepreneurial intentions....
  • Bullough, A., Renko, M. and Abdelzaher, D. (2017), “Women's business ownership: operating within the context of institutional and in-group...
  • Busenitz, L.W., Gomez, C. and Spencer, J.W. (2000), “Country institutional profiles: unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena”, Academy of Management...
  • Byrne, J. and Fayolle, A. (2010), “A feminist inquiry into entrepreneurship training”, Theory and Practice of Entrepreneurship, pp. 76-100.
  • Choukir, J., Aloulou, W.J., Ayadi, F. and Mseddi, S. (2019), “Influences of role models and gender on Saudi Arabian freshman students’ entrepreneurial...
  • De Jorge-Moreno, J., Castillo, L. and Triguero, M. (2012), “The effect of business and economics education programs on students' entrepreneurial...
  • Díaz-García, M.C. and Jiménez-Moreno, J. (2010), “Entrepreneurial intention: the role of gender”, International Entrepreneurship and Management...
  • Doran, J., McCarthy, N. and O'Connor, M. (2018), “The role of entrepreneurship in stimulating economic growth in developed and developing...
  • Elnadi, M. and Gheith, M.H. (2021), “Entrepreneurial ecosystem, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention in higher education:...
  • Farrukh, M., Lee, J.W.C., Sajid, M. and Waheed, A. (2019), “Entrepreneurial intention”, Education + Training, Vol. 61 Nos 7/8, pp. 984-1000,...
  • Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement errors”, Journal...
  • García-Rodríguez, F.J., Gil-Soto, E., Ruiz-Rosa, I. and Sene, P.M. (2015), “Entrepreneurial intentions in diverse development contexts: a...
  • Gurel, E., Madanoglu, M. and Altinay, L. (2021), “Gender, risk-taking, and entrepreneurial intentions: assessing the impact of higher education...
  • Haddad, G. (2017), “Understanding women entrepreneurial motivations: does age matter?”, Lebanon: Social, Political, and Economic Issues, pp....
  • Haddad, G. and Loarne, S.L. (2015), “Social networking and gender effects on opportunity identification”, International Journal of Entrepreneurship...
  • Haddad, G., Esposito, M. and Tse, T. (2016), “The social cluster of gender, agency, and entrepreneurship”, International Journal of Entrepreneurship...
  • Haddad, G., Haddad, G. and Nagpal, G. (2021), “Can students' perceptions of the diverse learning environment affect their intentions toward...
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. and Tatham, R.L. (2014), Pearson New International Edition. Multivariate Data Analysis,...
  • Hayes, A.F. (2018), Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, The Guilford Press,...
  • Hayton, J.C., George, G. and Zahra, S.A. (2002), “National culture and entrepreneurship: a review of behavioral research”, Entrepreneurship...
  • Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, California,...
  • Hofstede, G. (2001), Culture Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations, Sage Publications,...
  • Hueso, J.A., Jaén, I., Liñán, F. and Basuki, W. (2020), “Influence of collectivistic personal values on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions”,...
  • Karimi, S., Biemans, H.J.A., Lans, T., Chizari, M., Mulder, M. and Mahdei, K.N. (2013), “Understanding role models and gender influences entrepreneurial...
  • Karimi, S., Biemans, J.A., Lans, T., Chizari, M. and Mulder, M. (2014), “Effects of role models and gender on students' entrepreneurial...
  • Kickul, J., Wilson, F., Marlino, D. and Barbosa, S.D. (2008), “Are misalignments of perceptions and self‐efficacy causing gender gaps in entrepreneurial...
  • Kirkley, W.W. (2016), “Entrepreneurial behavior: the role of values”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, Vol....
  • Kreiser, P.M., Marino, L.D., Dickson, P. and Weaver, K.M. (2010), “Cultural influences on entrepreneurial orientation: the impact of national...
  • Krueger, N.F. (2017), “Entrepreneurial intentions are dead: long-lived entrepreneurial intentions”, International Studies in Entrepreneurship,...
  • Krueger, N.F. Jr, Reilly, M.D. and Carsrud, A.L. (2000), “Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions”, Journal of Business Venturing,...
  • Krueger, N., Liñán, F. and Nabi, G. (2013), “Cultural values and entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 25 Nos...
  • Lechler, T. (2001), “Social interaction: a determinant of entrepreneurial team venture success”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 16 No. 4,...
  • Liñán, F. and Chen, Y.W. (2009), “Development and cross–cultural application of a specific instrument to measure”, Entrepreneurial Intentions...
  • Linan, F., Urbano, D. and Guerrero, M. (2011), “Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognition: start-up intentions of university students...
  • Lortie, J. and Castogiovanni, G. (2015), “The theory of planned behavior in entrepreneurship research: what we know and future directions”,...
  • Lu, G., Song, Y. and Pan, B. (2021), “How university entrepreneurship support affects college students' entrepreneurial intentions: an...
  • Markus, H.R. and Kitayama, S. (1991), “Culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation”, Psychological Review, Vol....
  • Matthews, B., Daigle, J. and Cooper, J. (2020), “Causative effects of motivation to transfer learning among relational dyads: the test of...
  • McGrath, R.G., MacMillan, I.C. and Scheinberg, S. (1992), “Elitists, risk-takers, and rugged individualists? An exploratory analysis of cultural...
  • Moriano, J.A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U. and Zarafshani, K. (2012), “A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial...
  • Morris, M.H., Davis, D.L. and Allen, J.W. (1994), “Fostering corporate entrepreneurship: cross-cultural comparisons of the importance of individualism...
  • Mueller, S.L. and Thomas, A.S. (2001), “Culture and entrepreneurial potential”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 51-75, doi:...
  • Nasip, S., Amirul, S.R., Sondoh, S.L. Jr and Tanakinjal, G.H. (2017), “Psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial intention”, Education...
  • Nowiński, W. and Haddoud, M.Y. (2019), “The role of inspiring role models in enhancing entrepreneurial intention”, Journal of Business Research,...
  • Oyserman, D. (2006), “High power, low power, and equality: culture beyond individualism and collectivism”, Journal of Consumer Psychology,...
  • Pruett, M., Shinnar, R., Toney, B., Llopis, F. and Fox, J. (2009), “Explaining entrepreneurial intentions of university students: a cross‐cultural...
  • Rantanen, T. and Toikko, T. (2017), “The relationship between individualism and entrepreneurial intention – a Finnish perspective”, Journal...
  • Rico, P. and Cabrer-Borrás, B. (2019), “Entrepreneurship, firms creation and regional performance”, European Journal of Management and Business...
  • Santos, F.J., Roomi, M.A. and Liñán, F. (2016), “About gender differences and the social environment in the development of entrepreneurial...
  • Serino, L. and Buccino, G. (2019), “Entrepreneurial intentions among Italian students: the role of gender”, International Journal of Academic...
  • Seyoum, B., Chinta, R. and Mujtaba, B.G. (2021), “Social support as a driver of social entrepreneurial intentions: the moderating roles of...
  • Shane, S. (1993), “Cultural influences on national rates of innovation”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 59-73, doi: 10.1016/0883-9026(93)90011-S.
  • Shinnar, R.S., Giacomin, O. and Janssen, F. (2012), “Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions: the role of gender and culture”, Entrepreneurship...
  • Shinnar, R.S., Hsu, D.K., Powell, B.C. and Zhou, H. (2018), “Entrepreneurial intentions and start-ups: are women or men more likely to enact...
  • Solomon, C.M. and Schell, M.S. (2009), Managing across Cultures, McGraw-Hill Education, Tata.
  • Stedham, Y. and Wieland, A. (2017), “Culture, benevolent and hostile sexism, and entrepreneurial intentions”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial...
  • Sweida, G. and Sherman, C.L. (2020), “Does happiness launch more businesses? Affect, gender, and entrepreneurial intention”, International...
  • Watson, A., Dada, O., Wright, O. and Perrigot, R. (2019), “Entrepreneurial orientation rhetoric in franchise organizations: the impact of...
  • World Economic Forum (2020), “Unleashing the power of Europe's women entrepreneurs: six ideas to drive big change”, available at: http://www3.weforum.org/.
  • Yordanova, D.I. and Tarrazon, M.A. (2010), “Gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions: evidence from Bulgaria”, Journal of Developmental...
  • Yukongdi, V. and Lopa, N.Z. (2017), “Entrepreneurial intention: a study of individual, situational and gender differences”, Journal of Small...
  • Zhao, X., Lynch, J.G. Jr and Chen, Q. (2010), “Reconsidering baron and Kenny: myths and truths about mediation analysis”, Journal of Consumer...