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This article deals with Danilo Zolo’s works on contemporary democracies, ranging from Complessità e democrazia (1987), Il principato democratico (1992) and the essays on citizenship, freedom and market competition in the global era to his radically pessimistic reflections on Tramonto globale (2009) and global fear in neoliberal capitalism (Sulla paura, 2011). Considering that Zolo increasingly emphasizes the dramatic impact of modern economy on democracy, the paper finally suggests that his “active pessimism” - leading to a struggle for political and social citizenship - brings into question the theoretical framework of liberal anthropology and the closely linked idea of civil citizenship.
