Unidad, diversidad e instituciones democráticas: ¿Qué podemos aprender de la Unión Europea como experimento a gran escala de gobierno y organización política?

• Autores: Johan P. Olsen
• Localización: Gestión y política pública, ISSN-e 2448-9182, ISSN 1405-1079, Vol. 14, Nº 1, 2005, págs. 5-55
• Idioma: español
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Unity Diversity and Democratic Institutions: What can We Learn from the European Union as a Large-scale Experiment in Political Organization and Governing?
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Resumen
  • español

    Durante medio siglo, Europa ha estado involucrada en un experimento a gran escala de gobierno y organización política. El experimento aún continúa y el resultado es incierto.

    En particular, ¿puede este experimento ayudar a entender mejor cuáles factores ejercen su influencia en el aumento y descenso de los esfuerzos voluntarios de cooperación entre entidades y fronteras establecidas?, ¿puede esto arrojar alguna luz sobre cuáles son las consecuencias para las unidades integrantes cuando entran a formar parte de una entidad mayor?, ¿podemos aprender algo acerca de las cambiantes condiciones de las instituciones y actores democráticos y su repercusión en las dinámicas de cambio dentro del orden político? Las respuestas a estas preguntas se elaboran en el artículo siguiente.

  • English

    For half a century Europe has been involved in a large-scale experiment in political organization and governing. The experiment is still going on and the outcome is uncertain. In particular, can the experiment give a better general understanding of what factors influence the rise and decline of voluntary cooperative efforts across established entities and boundaries? Can it shed light upon what are the consequences for the component units when they become part of a larger entity? Can we learn something about the changing conditions of democratic institutions and actors and their significance for the dynamics of change in political orders? All these questions will be answered in the following article.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Aldrich, H. y D.A. Whetten (1981), “Organization-sets, Action-sets, and Networks: Making the Most out of Simplicity”, en P.C. Nystrom y W.H....
  • Andersen, S.A. y T.R. Burns (1996), “The European Union and the Erosion of Parliamentary Democracy: A Study of Post-parliamentary Governance”,...
  • Annan, K. (2004), “Address to the European Parliament upon Receipt of the Andrei Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought”, Bruselas, 29 de enero....
  • Appandurai, A. (1996), Modernity at Large. Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
  • Arblaster, A. (1987), Democracy, Milton Keynes, Open University Press.
  • Barkin, J.S. y B. Cronin (1994), “The State and the Nation: Changing Norms and the Rules of Sovereignty in International Relations”, International...
  • Bartolini, S. (1998), Exit Options, Boundary Building, Political Structuring. Florencia, EUI, Working Papers SPS núm. 98/1.
  • Beetham, D. (1990), “The Future of the Nation-state”, en G. McLennan, D. Held y S. Hall (eds.), The Idea of the Modern State, Milton Keynes,...
  • Bell, D. (1987), “The World and the United States in 2013”, Daedalus, vol. 116, núm. 3, pp. 1-31.
  • Bendix, R. (1968), “Introduction”, en R. Bendix (ed.), State and Society, Boston, Little, Brown, pp. 1-13.
  • Black, C.E. (1966), The Dynamics of Modernization. A Study in Comparative History, Nueva York, Harper and Row.
  • Brunsson, N. y J.P. Olsen (1998), “Organization Theory: Thirty Years of Dismantling, and then...?”, en N. Brunsson y J.P. Olsen (eds.), Organizing...
  • Caddy, J.E. (1998), Sowing the Seeds of Deliberative Democracy? Institutions for the Environment in Central Europe: Case Studies of Public...
  • Castells, M. (1996), The Rise of the Network Society, Oxford, Blackwell.
  • Closa, C. (2004), “The Convention Method and the Transformation of EU Constitutional Politics”, en E.O. Eriksen, J.E. Fossum y A. J. Menéndez...
  • Commission (1992), From the Single Act to Maastricht and Beyond. The Means to Match our Ambitions, Bruselas, Com (92) 2000.
  • Commission (1995), Report on the Operation of the Treaty on European Union, Bruselas, 10 de mayo, SEC(95) final.
  • Convention (2003a), The European Convention: Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, Luxemburgo, Office for Official Publications...
  • Convention (2003b), Oral Presentation by M. Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias, President of the Court of Justice of the European Communities,...
  • Cowles, M., J. Caporaso y T. Risse (eds.) (2001), Transforming Europe: Europeanization and Domestic Change, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University...
  • Dahl, R.A. (1989), Democracy and Its Critics, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press.
  • Dahl, R.A. y Ch.E. Lindblom (1953), Politics, Economics, and Welfare. Planning and Politico-Economic Systems Resolved into Basic Social Processes,...
  • Dehousse, R. y G. Majone (1994), “The Institutional Dynamics of European Integration: From the Single Act to the Maastricht Treaty”, en S....
  • Deutsch, K.W. (1966), Nationalism and Social Communication. An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality, Nueva York.
  • Deutsch, K.W. (1968), The Analysis of International Relations, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.
  • Doornbos, M. y S. Kaviraj (eds.) (1997), Dynamics of State Formation. India and Europe Compared, Nueva Dehli, Sage.
  • Egeberg, M. (1999), “Transcending Intergovernmentalism? Identity and Role Perceptions of National Civil Servants in EU Committees”, Journal...
  • Egeberg, M. (2003), “How Bureaucratic Structure Matters: An Organizational Perspective”, en B.G. Peters y J. Pierre (eds.), Handbook of Public...
  • Egeberg, M. (2004), “An Organizational Approach to European Integration: Outline of a Complementary Perspective”, European Journal of Political...
  • Egeberg, M., G. Schaefer y J. Trondal (2003), “The Many Faces of EU Committee Governance”, West European Politics, vol. 26, núm. 3, pp. 19-40.
  • Eisenstadt, S. y S. Rokkan (eds.) (1973), Building States and Nations (I, II), Beverly Hills, Sage.
  • Eriksen, E.O. y J.E. Fossum (eds.) (2000), Democracy in the European Union. Integration through Deliberation?, Londres, Routledge.
  • Eriksen, E.O., J.E. Fossum y A. J. Menéndez (eds.) (2004), Developing a Constitution for Europe, Londres, Routledge.
  • Ferguson, Y. H. y R.W. Mansbach (1996), Polities: Authority, Identities, and Change, Columbia, University of South Carolina Press.
  • Flora, Peter (1983), State, Economy, and Society in Western Europe 1815-1975, Francfort, Campus.
  • Franklin, M.N. y C. van der Eijk (1995), “The Problem: Representation and Democracy in the European Union”, en C. van der Eijk y M.N. Franklin...
  • Frederickson, H.G. (1999), “The Repositioning of American Public Administration”, Political Science & Politics, diciembre, http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m2139/ 4_32/59136259/print.jhtml.
  • Giscard d’Estaing, V. (2002), Introductory Speech to the Convention on the Future of Europe, Bruselas, SN 1565/02, 26 de febrero.
  • Giscard d’Estaing, V. (2003), Speech in Aachen 29 May 2003, when Receiving the Charlemagne Priz, http://european-convention.eu.int/bienvenue.asp?lang=EN.
  • Goetz, K.H. y S. Hix (eds.) (2001), Europeanized Politics? European Integration and National Political Systems, Londres, Frank Cass.
  • Goul Andersen, J. (2003), “EU og modstanden i Danmark”, Danmark 30 år i EU – et festskrift, Copenague, Gyldendal, pp. 82-104.
  • Gustavsson, S. (1998), “Varför överstat utan demokrati?”, en U. Bernitz, S. Gustavsson y L. Oxelheim (eds.), Europaperspektiv. Årsbok 1998,...
  • Gustavsson, S. y L. Lewin (eds.) (1996), The Future of the Nation State, Estocolmo, Nerenius & Santérus.
  • Habermas, J. (1996), Between Facts and Norms, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press.
  • Habermas, J. (1992), “Citizenship and National Identity: Some Reflections on the Future of Europe”, Praxis International, vol. 12, núm. 1,...
  • Hamilton, A., J. Jay y J. Madison (1964) [1787], The Federalist Papers, Nueva York, Pocket Books.
  • Hanf, K. y B. Soetendorp (eds.) (1997), Adapting to European Integration, Londres, Longman.
  • Héritier, A. (2003), “New Modes of Governance in Europe: Increasing Political Capacity and Policy Effectiveness?”, en T.A. Börzel y R.A. Cichowski...
  • Héritier, A., C. Knill y S. Mingers (1996), Ringing the Changes in Europe. Regulatory Competition and Redefinition of the State. Britain,...
  • Herzog, D. (1989), Happy Slaves: A Critique of Consent Theory, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • Hirschman, A.O. (1991), The Rhetoric of Reaction. Perversity. Futility. Jeopardy, Cambridge, MA, The Belknap Press.
  • Hobsbawm, E.J. (1992), Nations and Nationalism Since 1780, 2a. ed., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Hoffmann, L. y A. Vergés Bausili (2003), “The Reform of Treaty Revision Procedures: The European Convention and the Future of Europe”, en...
  • Hooghe, L. y G. Marks (2001), Multi-level Governance and European Integration, Lanham, MA, Rowman and Littlefield. Jachtenfuchs, M. y B. Kohler-Koch...
  • Jacobsson, B., P. Lægreid and O.K. Pedersen (2004), Europeanization and Transnational States. Comparing Nordic Central Governments, Londres,...
  • Joerges, C. (1996), The Emergence of Denationalized Governance Structures and the European Court of Justice, Oslo, ARENA, Working Paper núm....
  • Joerges, C., K-H. Ladeur y E. Vos (eds.) (1997), Integrating Scientific Expertise into Regulatory Decision-Making. National Traditions and...
  • Kapteyn, P. (1996), The Stateless Market: The European Dilemma of Integration and Civilization, Londres, Routledge.
  • Kassim, H., B. G. Peters y V. Wright (eds.) (2000), The National Co-ordination of EU Policy. The Domestic Level, Oxford, Oxford University...
  • Kassim, H., A. Menon, B.G. Peters y V. Wright (eds.) (2001), The National Co-ordination of EU Policy. The European Level, Oxford, Oxford University...
  • Knight, F. (1992), Institutions and Social Conflict, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Knill, C. (2001), The Europeanization of National Administrations, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Knodt, M. y S. Princen (eds.) (2003), Understanding the European Union’s External Relations, Londres, Routledge.
  • Kohler-Koch, B. (1996), “The Strength of Weakness: The Transformation of Governance in the EU”, en S. Gustavsson y L. Lewin (eds.), The Future...
  • Kohler-Koch, B. et al. (1998a), Interactive Politik in Europa. Regionen im Netzwerk der Integration, Opladen, Leske & Budrich.
  • Kohler-Koch, B. (ed.) (1998b), “Regieren in entgrentzen Räumen”, Politische Vierteljahresschrift, Sonderheft 29, Opladen, Westdeutscher Verlag.
  • Kohler-Koch, B. (ed.) (2003), Linking EU and National Governance, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Kohler-Koch, B. y R. Eising (eds.) (1999), The Transformation of Governance in the European Union, Londres, Routledge.
  • Laffan, B. (1998), “The European Union: A Distinctive Model of Internationalization”, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 5, núm. 2, pp....
  • Lamassure, A. (2002), The European Union: Four Possible Models, Bruselas, The European Convention CONV 235/02.
  • Landaburu, E. (2004), “New Member States Must still be Monitored, Says Top EU Official”, Euobserver.com, 30 de abril, http://euobs.com/index.phtml?print=true&sid =15&aid=15404.
  • Liftin, K.T. (1997), “Sovereignty in World Ecopolitics”, Mershon International Studies Review, vol. 41, pp. 167-204.
  • Lijphart, A. (1975), The Politics of Accommodation. Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands, 2a. ed. rev., Berkeley, University of California...
  • Lindberg, L.N. y S.A. Scheingold (1970), Europe’s Would-Be Polity: Patterns of Change in the European Community, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice...
  • Majone, G. (1996), Regulating Europe, Londres, Routledge.
  • March, J.G. (1953), Autonomy as a Factor in Group Organization. A Study in Politics, tesis de doctorado, Yale University. Reimpresa en 1980,...
  • March, J.G. (1999), “A Learning Perspective on the Network Dynamics of Institutional Integration”, en M. Egeberg y P. Lægreid (eds.), Organizing...
  • March, J.G. y J.P. Olsen (1983), “Organizing Political Life: What Administrative Reorganization Tells us About Government”, American Political...
  • March, J.G. y J.P. Olsen (1986), “Popular Sovereignty and the Search for Appropriate Institutions”, Journal of Public Policy, vol. 6, núm....
  • March, J.G. y J.P. Olsen (1989), Rediscovering Institutions, Nueva York, Free Press.
  • March, J.G. y J.P. Olsen (1995), Democratic Governance, Nueva York, Free Press.
  • March, J.G. y J.P. Olsen (1998), “The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders”, International Organization, vol. 52, pp....
  • Keohane y S.D. Krasner (eds.) (1999), Exploration and Contestation in the Study of World Politics, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press, pp. 303-329.
  • Keohane y S.D. Krasner (2004), “The Logic of Appropriateness”, en M. Rein, M. Moran y R.E. Goodin (eds.), Handbook of Public Policy, Oxford,...
  • Marks, G., L. Hooghe y K. Blank (1995), European Integration and the State, Florencia, EUI Working Paper RSC núm. 95/7.
  • Marks, G. y M.R. Steenbergen (eds.) (2004), European Integration and Political Conflict, Cambridge, Cambrige University Press.
  • Mayntz, R. (1997), Soziale Dynamik und Politische Steuerung. Theoretische und Methodologische Überlegungen, Francfort del Meno, Campus.
  • Meny, Y., P. Muller y J.-L. Quermonne (eds.) (1996), Adjusting to Europe: The Impact of the European Union on National Institutions and Policies,...
  • Merton, R.K. (1938), “Social Structure and Anomie”, American Sociological Review, vol. 3, pp. 672-682.
  • Mill, J.S. (1962) [1861], Considerations on Representative Government, South Bend, IN, Gateway Editions.
  • Miller, D. (2000), Citizenship and National Identity, Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Milward, A. (1992), The European Rescue of the Nation-State, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press.
  • Moravcsik, A. (1998), The Choice for Europe: Social Purposes and State Power from Messina to Maastricht, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press.
  • Moravcsik, A. (1999), “The Choice for Europe: Current Commentary and Future Research: A Response to James Caporaso, Fritz Scharpf, and Helen...
  • Moravcsik, A. (2002), “In Defense of the ‘Democratic Deficit’: Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union”, Journal of Common Market Studies,...
  • Navari, C. (1981), “The Origins of the Nation-state”, en L. Tivey (ed.), The Nation-State. The Formation of Modern Politics, Oxford, Martin...
  • Nedrebø, T. (1986), Whence Europe? The Political Culture of European Unification, Bergen, University of Bergen, Department of Comparative...
  • Ohmae, K. (1995), The End of the Nation State, Nueva York, Free Press.
  • Olsen, J.P. (1997a), “Institutional Design in Democratic Contexts”, The Journal of Political Philosophy, vol. 5, pp. 203-229.
  • Olsen, J.P. (1997b), “The Changing Political Organization of Europe”, en J.J. Hesse y T.A.J. Toonen (eds.), The European Yearbook of Comparative...
  • Olsen, J.P.(1998), “The New European Experiment in Political Organization”, documento preparado para la conferencia “Samples of the Future”,...
  • Olsen, J.P. (2000), “How, then, Does one Get There? An Institutionalist Response to Herr Fischer’s Vision of a European Federation”, en C....
  • Olsen, J.P. (2001), “Garbage Cans, New Institutionalism, and the Study of Politics”, American Political Science Review, vol. 95, pp. 191-198.
  • Olsen, J.P. (2002), “The Many Faces of Europeanization”, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 40, núm. 5, pp. 921-952.
  • Olsen, J.P. (2003), “Towards a European Administrative Space?”, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 10, pp. 506-531.
  • Page, E.C. y L. Wouters (1995), “The Europeanization of the National Bureaucracies?”, en J. Pierre (ed.), Bureaucracy in the Modern State,...
  • Petersson, O., U. Mörth, J.P. Olsen y J. Tallberg (2003), Demokrati i EU, Estocolmo, SNS Förlag.
  • Phillipson, R. (2003), English-Only Europe? Challenging Language Policy, Londres, Routledge.
  • Pollock, S. (1998), “India in the Vernacular Millennium: Literary Culture and Polity, 1000-1500”, Daedalus, vol. 127, núm. 3, pp. 41-74.
  • Prodi, R. (2004), Statement of President Prodi on Enlargement, Bruselas, DN, IP/04/576, 30/04/2004.
  • Rawls, J. (1985), “Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 14, pp. 223-251.
  • Rawls, J. (1987), “The Idea of an Overlapping Consensus”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 7, pp. 1-25.
  • Redmond, J. y G.G. Rosenthal (eds.) (1998), The Expanding European Union. Past, Present, Future, Londres, Lynne Rienner.
  • Risse, T. (2004), “European Institutions and Identity Change: What Have we Learned?”, en R.K. Herrmann, T. Risse y M.B. Brewer (eds.), Transnational...
  • Rokkan, S. (1970), “Nation-building, Cleavage Formation and the Structuring of Mass Politics”, en S. Rokkan et al., Citizens, Elections and...
  • Rokkan, S. (1975), “Dimensions of State Formation and Nation-building: A Possible Paradigm for Research on Variations Within Europe”, en...
  • Rometsch, D. y W. Wessels (1996), “Conclusion: European Union and National Institutions”, en D. Rometsch y W. Wessels (eds.), The European...
  • Rosenau, J.N. (1984), “A pre-theory Revisited: World Politics in an Era of Cascading Interdependence”, International Studies Quarterly, vol....
  • Ruggie, J.G. (1993), “Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations”, International Organization, vol. 47,...
  • Sandholtz, W. y A. Stone Sweet (eds.) (1998), European Integration and Supranational Governance, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Scharpf, F.W. (1999), Governing in Europe. Effective and Democratic?, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Scharpf, F.W. (2003), “Legitimate Diversity: The new Challenge of European Integration”, en T.A. Börzel y R.A. Cichowski (eds.), The State...
  • Schattschneider, E.E. (1960), The Semi-Sovereign People, Nueva York, Holt, Rinehard and Winston.
  • Schimmelfennig, F. y U. Sedelmeier (editores invitados) (2002), “European Union Enlargement – Theoretical and Comparative Approaches”, Journal...
  • Schlesinger, P.R. (1993), “Wishful Thinking: Cultural Politics, Media, and Collective Identities in Europe”, Journal of Communication, vol....
  • Schmitter, P.C. (2000), How to Democratize the European Union … And Why Bother?, Lanham, Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Schweller, R.L. y D. Priess (1997), “A Tale of Two Realisms: Expanding the Institutions Debate”, Mershon International Studies Review, vol....
  • Scott, W.G., T.R. Mitchell y N.S. Perry (1981), “Organizational Governance”, en P.C. Nystrom y W.H. Starbuck (eds.), Handbook of Organizational...
  • Selznick, P. (1992), The Moral Commonwealth, Berkeley, University of California Press.
  • Sjursen, H. (1997), “Enlarging the Union”, en S. Stavridio et al. (eds.), New Challenges to the European Union: Policies and Policy-Making,...
  • Skowronek, S. (1995), “Order and Change”, Polity, vol. 28, núm. 1, pp. 91-96.
  • Slaughter, A-M., A. Stone Sweet y J.H.H. Weiler (eds.) (1998), The European Courts & National Courts. Doctrine and Jurisprudence, Oxford,...
  • Smith, A.D. (1995), Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era, Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Spragens, T.A. jr. (1990), Reason and Democracy, Durham, NC, Duke University.
  • Stone Sweet, A. (2003), “European Integration and the Legal System”, en T.A. Börzel y R.A. Cichowski (eds.), The State of the European Union....
  • Stone Sweet, A. y T.L. Brunell (1998), “Constructing a Supranational Constitution: Dispute Resolution and Governance in the European Community”,...
  • Stone Sweet, A. y W. Sandholtz (1997), “European Integration and Supranational Governance”, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 4, núm....
  • Stone Sweet, A., W. Sandholtz y N. Fliegstein (eds.) (2001), The Institutionalization of Europe, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Stubb, A. C-G. (1998), “The Amsterdam Treaty and Flexible Integration”, ECSA Review, vol. 9, pp. 1-5.
  • Sverdrup, U. (1997), “Norway: An Sdaptive Non-member”, en K. Hanf y B. Soetendorp (eds.), Adapting to European Integration, Londres, Longman,...
  • Tassin, E. (1992), “Europe: A Political Community?”, en C. Mouffe (ed.), Dimensions of Radical Democracy, Londres, Verso, pp. 169-192.
  • Teubner, G. (1997), “The King’s many Bodies: The self-Destruction of Law’s Hierarchy”, Law & Society Review, vol. 31, núm. 4, pp. 763-787.
  • Tilly, C. (1975), “Reflections on the History of European State-making”, en C. Tilly, The Formation of National States in Western Europe,...
  • Tilly, C. (1984), Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons, Nueva York, Russel Sage.
  • Tilly, C. (1992), Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992, Cambridge, Blackwell.
  • Treaty on European Union (1992), Luxemburgo, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Trondal, J. y F. Veggeland (2003), “Access, Voice and Loyalty. The Representation of Domestic Civil Servants in EU Committees”, Journal of...
  • Wallace, H. (2001), “Introduction: Rethinking European Integration”, en H. Wallace (ed.), Interlocking Dimensions of European Integration,...
  • Weber, M. (1970), “Politics as a Vocation”, en H.H. Gerth y C. Wright Mills (eds.), From Max Weber, Londres, Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp....
  • Weber, M. (1978), Economy and Society, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press. Weiler, J.H.H. (1991), “The Transformation of Europe”,...
  • Weber, M. (1999), The Constitution of Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Weber, M. (2002), “A Constitution for Europe? Some Hard Choices”, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 40, núm. 4, pp. 563-580.
  • Wessels, W. (1996), “The Modern West European state and the European Union: Democratic Erosion or a New Kind of Polity?”, en S.A. Andersen...
  • Wessels, W.(1998), “Comitology: Fusion in Action. Politico-administrative Trends in the EU System”, Journal of European Public Policy, vol....
  • Wessels, W., A. Mauerer y J. Mittag (eds.) (2003), Fifteen into One? The European Union and Its member States, Manchester, Manchester University...
  • Wheeler, H. (1975), “Constitutionalism”, en F.I. Greenstein y N.W. Polsby (eds), Handbook of Political Science: Governmental Institutions...
  • Wolin, S. (1960), Politics and Vision, Boston, Little, Brown.
  • World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), Our Common Future, Oxford, Oxford University Press.