Gender and equality in Latin America-Caribbean: evolution 2006-2021: strategic recommendations

• Juan Rivera-Mata ^[1]
  1. [1] University of Maryland, College Park

     University of Maryland, College Park

     Estados Unidos

     
• Localización: GCG: revista de globalización, competitividad y gobernabilidad, ISSN 1988-7116, Vol. 16, Nº. 1, 2022, págs. 51-65
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.3232/gcg.2022.v16.n1.03
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Gênero e igualdade na América Latina-Caribe: evolução 2006-2021: recomendações estratégicas
  • Género e igualdad en Latinoamérica-Caribe: evolución 2006-2021: recomendaciones estratégicas
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Dialnet Métricas: 1 Cita
• Resumen
  • español

    La igualdad económica de género en América Latina-Caribe está por detrás de la región Sub-Sahariana, limitando la competitividad y la justicia social regional. Hemos encontrado una correlación negativa regional entre empoderamiento político y participación económica de las mujeres, estando esta asociada a crecimiento económico, democracia e igualdad salarial.

    Recomendamos que las autoridades se centren en igualdad económica, potencien políticas fiscales redistributivas, mejoren la democracia, gobernanza y competitividad, cambiar de políticas de sexo (mujer) a de género (social) para la igualdad, reducir la segregación educativa voluntaria con intervenciones educativas tempranas y apoyo al cuidado y a la familia para aliviar las cargas sociales asociadas a ser mujer

  • português

    A igualdade econômica de gênero na América Latina-Caribe está por trás da região Subsaariana, limitando a competitividade regional e a justiça social. Encontramos uma correlação regional negativa entre fortalicemento político e participação econômica de las muhleres, estando esta associada ao crescimento econômico, índice de democracia e igualdade salarial. Recomendamos às autoridades que se concentrem na igualdade econômica, potencializem políticas de redistribuição fiscal, potenciem políticas fiscais redistributivas, majorem la democracia, gobernanza y la competitividade, mudando de políticas de um sexo (mulheres) a de gênero (sociais) para a igualdade, redução da segregação voluntária de educação com intervenções educacionais iniciais e apoio ao cuidado da família para aliviar os encargos sociais associados ao fato de ser mulher

  • English

    Gender economic equality in Latin America-Caribbean is behind Sub-Saharan region, limiting regional competitiveness and social justice. We found a negative regional correlation between women political empowerment and economic participation, being this associated to economic growth, democracy index and wage equality. We recommend authorities to focus on women economic participation, potentiate fiscal redistribution policies, improve democracy, governance and competitiveness, changing from one sex (women) to gender (social) policies for equality, reduction of voluntary education segregation with early age education intervention and support family and care to alleviate the social charges associates to being woman.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Aguilar, A and Sanchez, R. (2018) España se convierte en el país con más ministras del mundo, por encima de Suecia o Islandia. El diario....
  • Ashford, A.J. & Sitkin, S.B. (2019), From problems to progress: a dialogue on prevailing issues in leadership research. The Leadership...
  • United Nations (1995) Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, 4th World Conference on Women, UN.
  • Burns, J. M. (1978), “Leadership”. Harper & Row. Oxford.
  • Busson, M and Messina, J. (2020) The inequality crisis: Latin America and the Caribbean at the crossroads, Inter-American Development Bank,...
  • Butler, J. (1989) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge, NY.
  • Carville, J. (1992) On My Mind: It´s the Economy, Stupid, New York Times, Oct 30th, 1992 https://www.nytimes. com/1992/10/30/opinion/on-my-mind-it-s-the-economy-stupid.html
  • Carlyle, T. (1888), “On heroes, hero-worship and the heroic in History”, Stokes & Brother, NY.
  • Chodorow, N. J. (1989) Feminism and psychoanalytic theory. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
  • Coller, X. (2008), “El sesgo social de las élites políticas. El caso de la España de las autonomías (1980-2005”). Revista de Estudios Políticos,...
  • Collins, W., Maccoby, E., Steinber, E., Hetherington and Bornstein, M. (2000) “Contemporary research on parenting: the case for nature and...
  • Cox, C.L.; Pearce, C.L., & Perry, M.L. (2003), “Toward a model of shared leadership and distributed influence in the innovation process:...
  • Del Aguila, L. (2020) Crítica marxiana de la igualdad en la ciudadanía moderna. Estudios de Filosofía, nr. 62, pp. 11-32 Instituto de Filosofía,...
  • Drath, W. The Deep Blue Sea: Rethinking the Source of Leadership. San Francisco, CA: JosseyBass Publishers and Center for Creative Leadership....
  • Eagly, A.H. (1995), “The science and politics of comparing women and men”, American Psychologist, Vol, 50, pp.: 145–158
  • Eagly, A.H. & Carli, L.L. (2003) The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence, The Leadership Quarterly 14 (2003) 807–834
  • Eagly, A.H., & Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C. (2001), “The leadership styles of women and men”, Journal of Social Issues, Vol.57.
  • Eagly, A. H., & Johnson, B.T. (1990), “Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis”, Psychological Bulletin, American Psychological Association...
  • Eagly, A., Wood, W. and Diekman, A. (2000) “Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal”. In The developmental...
  • Engels, F. (1940), “The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State”. London : Lawrence and Wishart.
  • Esquivel, V. (2011) The Care Economy in Latin America: Putting Care at the Centre of the Agenda, United Nations Development Programme, El...
  • Fels, A, (2004) Do Women Lack Ambition? Harvard Business Review, April, Boston.
  • Freud, S. (1931) “Female Sexuality”. Standart Edition 21: 225-243. Londres: Hogarth Press.
  • Green, A. (2007), «Queer Theory and Sociology: Locating the Subject and the Self in Sexuality Studies», Sociological Theory 25 (1): 26-45,...
  • Hampson, E. and Moffatt, S. (2004) “The pshycobiology of gender: Cognitive effects of reproductive hormones in the adult nervous system”....
  • Hausmann, R. et col. (2006). The Global Gender Gap 2006, World Economic Forum, Geneva.
  • Hausmann, R. et col. (2017). The Global Gender Gap 2017, World Economic Forum, Geneva.
  • Hausmann, R. et col. (2021). The Global Gender Gap 2021, World Economic Forum, Geneva.
  • Heifetz, R. (1994), “Leadership without easy answers”. Harvard University Press. London.
  • Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. (1969) Life cycle theory of leadership. Training-and-Development-Journal 23, nr.5: 26-34.
  • Herrero, S. (2021) La igualdad en los tiempos de crisis. El caso sudamericano. Globalization, Competitiveness & Governability, Vol 15,...
  • Hines, M. (2004) “Androgen, Estrogen and gender: contributions of the early hormone environment to gender-related behaviour”. In The Pshycology...
  • Hrdy, S. (2000) “The optimal number of fathers; evolution, demography and history in the shaping of female male preferences”. Annals of the...
  • Kellerman, B. (2012) “The End of Leadership”, HarpersCollins.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1966) “A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex role concepts and attitudes”. In The development of sex differences,...
  • Lewin, K., & Lippitt, R. (1938), "An experimental approach to the study of autocracy and democracy: a preliminary note". Sociometry...
  • Marion, R.U., & Uhl-Bien, M. (2001), “Leadership in complex organizations”, The Leadership Quarterly, 12: 389–418.
  • Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1846). The German ideology, International Publishers, New York.
  • Murrell, K. L. (1997), “Emergent theories of leadership for the next century: Towards relational concepts”. Organization Development Journal,...
  • Nahuel, F. (2019) Capitalismo y relaciones de género. Elementos para una lectura categorial. Theomai Journal.
  • Pfeffer, J. (2015) Leadership BS: Fixing Workplaces and Careers One Truth at a Time, HarperBusiness.
  • Pinker, S.(2002) The blank slate; the modern denial of human nature. New York: Viking.
  • Putman, Robert D. (1976), “The Comparative Study of Political Elites”, Prentice-Hall, Englewook Cliffs, NJ.
  • Rivera-Mata, J. (2011), “Liderazgo, sexo y género: comportamientos y relaciones de directivos y directivas españolas”, Doctoral dissertation....
  • Rivera-Mata, J. (2013), “Mujer, liderazgo y sociedad en America Latina”. Universidad del Pacifico, Lima.
  • Rivera-Mata, J. (2015), “Women in Spanish Businesses. What is more Important for Leadership: Sex, Age or Company?” Presentación Congreso International...
  • Rivera-Mata, J. (2016), “The More Political Power, The Less Women in Latin America. Gender Quotas to Reduce the Leadership Gap”. International...
  • Rivera-Mata, J. (2016b) “Latin America Behind Africa in Business Leadership Gender Gap. Alternatives: EU and World Bank Programs”. International...
  • Rivera-Mata, J. (2018) “Women Political Leaders Improve Women’s Leadership? The Cases of Presidents Kirchner, Rousseff, and Bachelet. International...
  • Rivera-Mata, J. (2018b) “Women and Science Strategies: Advance or change? II Seminar Women and Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla,...
  • Rivera-Mata, J. (2020) How is the leadership of the Latin-American youth? Leadership, sex and country of 427 students from Georgetown University....
  • Schein, E. (1973) “The relationship between sex roles streotypes and requisite management characteristics”. Journal of Applied Psychology...
  • Schein, E. (1992) “Sex role stereotyping and requisite management characteristics: a cross cultural look”. Journal of Organizational Behavior...
  • Stearns, S. (1976) “Life-story tactics: A review of ideas”. Quarterly Review of Biology 1: 29-44.
  • Sugarman, D. (1988) "Indicators of Gender Equality for American-States and Regions". Faculty Publications. Paper 236. http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/facultypublications/236
  • Tinsley, C (2016), “Presentación en Harvard-Georgetown Gender and Work Symposium”, Harvard University, Cambridge, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pifyt1drhTM&t=87s
  • Unger, R. K. “Towards a redefinition of sex and gender”. American psychologists 34. 1979.
  • Vinnicombe, S., Doldor, E., Battista, V. and Tessaro, M. (2020) The Female FTSE Board Report 2020. Ernst and Young, Uk.
  • Walby, S. (1990), “Theorizing Patriarchy”, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.: Oxford, UK and Cambridge USA.
  • Weber, M. (1946), “From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology”, Comps. Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills. Oxford University Press. New York.
  • Wittig, M. (1992) The Straight Mind & Other Essays. Boston, Massachussets: Beacon Press.
  • Woetzel J. et al (2015) The Power o parity; how advancing women´s equality can add $12 Trillon to Global Growth, McKinsey Global Institute,...
  • Wood, W. and Eagly, A. (2002) “A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: implications for the origins of sex differences”....
  • World Bank (2020). Free acces data from the World Bank. Retrieved from: https://datos.bancomundial.org/ indicator?tab=all