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The first systematic attacks on the death penalty issued from Enlightenment Italy through Pelli of Firenze and Beccaria of Milano. Only Beccaria’s work was published at the time. This paper investigates the different circumstances and intellectual influences of the two philosophers, and traces the significance of Beccaria’s work for the history of the death penalty and of his alternative penalty of forced labour, with special reference to the emergence of ‘penal servitude’ in Britain and America.
