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This article aims to explore the wide range of errors and mistakes relating to the medical profession as reported in the ‘Summae confessorum’ and in printed manuals (handbooks) of confessional practice (late XV-late XVI centuries). Designed for practical use, this kind of literature provided priests with easily accessible lists of sins committed by physicians, surgeons, apothecaries. By focusing on them the early-modern confessor as well as the present reader today can find clues to malpractice, ethical fallibilities and deontological failures at that time.
