Teaching reading to ESL Arab learners: A theoretical review

• Mogbel Aid K Alenizi ^[1] ; Amrendra Kumar Singh ^[1]
  1. [1] Northern Border University

     Northern Border University

     Arabia Saudí

     
• Localización: IJERI: International journal of Educational Research and Innovation, ISSN-e 2386-4303, n. 12, 2019, págs. 20-49
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.46661/ijeri.4164
• Títulos paralelos:
  • La enseñanza de la lectura a los estudiantes árabes de ESL: una revisión teórica
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen
  • español

    El presente documento revisa el estado de la capacidad de comprensión de lectura entre los estudiantes de EFL en Jordania y Arabia Saudita. Hay varios factores que contribuyen a las habilidades lingüísticas deficientes entre los alumnos, según lo informado por varias agencias, así como el Ministerio de Educación. Aquí se intenta proponer un método situacional como una herramienta eficaz para mejorar la experiencia de aprendizaje de los alumnos. Tanto los países, como las otras naciones árabes, han gastado notablemente en la dirección de crear su propia fuerza laboral para que sean autosuficientes, pero el resultado deseado aún está lejos. Este documento permitirá a los investigadores tener una idea de la situación actual y trabajar por el refuerzo de dicho modelo para hacer que el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de EFL sea más gratificante.

  • English

    The present paper reviews the status of reading comprehension skill among the learners of EFL in Jordan and Saudi Arabia. There are various factors contribute to the poor language skills among the learners, as reported by various agencies as well as the Ministry of Education. It is an attempt here to propose Situational Method as an effective tool to enhance the learning experience of the learners. Both the countries, including the other Arab nations have spent remarkably very well in the direction of creating their own workforce to become self reliant but the desired outcome is still a way far. This paper will enable the researchers to have an idea of the current situation and work for the reinforcement of such model to make the EFL teaching-learning process more rewarding.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Alkhawaldeh, A. (2011). EFL reading comprehension interests among Jordanian high school students and their relationship with gender achievement...
  • Al-Qatawneh, K. (2005). The effect of the generative teaching model on Jordanian secondary school students’ reading comprehension and strategy...
  • Gregory, E. Ruzek, C. A. Hafen, A. Y. Mikami, J. P. Allen & R. C. Pianta. (2017). My Teaching Partner-Secondary: A Video-Based Coaching...
  • Alhabahba, M. M., Pandian, A. & Mahfoodh, O. H. A. (2016). English language education in Jordan: Some recent trends and challenges. Cogent...
  • Alyousef, H. S. (2005). Teaching reading comprehension to ESL/ EFL learners. The Reading Matrix, 5(2). Retrieved from http:// www.readingmatrix.com/articles/alyousef/article.pdf
  • Asassfeh, S.M. (2015). Prospective EFL teachers: What language learning beliefs do they hold? The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher 24 (1),...
  • Alzubaidi, E., Aldridge, J. M. & Khine, M. S. (2014). Learning English as a second language at the university level in Jordan: Motivation,...
  • Bang, E. S., Muaka, A., Bernbardt, E. B., & Kamil, M. L. (2003). Teaching reading. Geneva, Switzerland: International Academy of Education,...
  • Bani Abdelrahman, Mahmoud & Bsharah, Muwafaq. (2014). The Effect of Speed Reading Strategies on Developing Reading Comprehension among...
  • Bernhardt, E., & Kamil, M. (1995). Interpreting relationships between L1 and L2 reading: Consolidating the linguistic threshold and the...
  • Bhan, K. S., & Gupta, R. (2010). Study Habits and Academic Achievement among the students belonging to scheduled caste and non scheduled...
  • Block, E. L. (1992). See how they read: Comprehension monitoring of L1 and L2 readers. TESOL Quarterly, 26, 319-343.
  • Bransford, J.D., Barclay,J.R., & Franks J.J. (1972). Sentence memory a constructive vs interpretive approach. Cognitive Psychology, 3,...
  • British Council. (2015). The relationship between English and employability in the Middle East and North Africa. Retrieved from: https://www.britishcouncil.jo/sites/default/files/enthe_relationship_between_english_employability_in_mena_research.pdf
  • Broughton, G., Brumfit, C., Flavell, R., Hill, P., & Pincas, A. (1981). Teaching English as a foreign language (2nd ed.). New York, NY:...
  • Cain, K., Oakhill, J., & Bryant, P. (2004). Children’s reading comprehension ability: Concurrent prediction by working memory, verbal...
  • Calvo, M. G. (2005). Relative contribution of vocabulary knowledge and working memory span to elaborative inferences in reading. Learning...
  • Carrell, P.L. (1983). Some issues in studying the role of schemata or background knowledge in second language comprehension. Reading in a...
  • Cekiso, Madoda & Madikiza, Nophawu. (2014). Reading strategies used by Grade 9 English Second Language learners in a selected school....
  • Chambers Cantrell, S., Almasi, J. F., Carter, J. C., Rintamaa, M., & Madden, A. (2010). The impact of a strategy-based intervention on...
  • Chen, S.-L., Shih-Jay, T. & Chu, S.-Y. (2014). Evaluating effectiveness of two types of Chinese remedial materials for low-achieving and...
  • Clarke, M. (1979). Reading in Spanish and English: Evidence form adult ESL students. Language Learning, 29, 121-150.
  • Comber, B., & Nixon, H. (2011). Critical reading comprehension in an era of accountability. Australian Educational Researcher, 38, 167-179.
  • Cromley, Jennifer & E. Snyder-Hogan, Lindsey & Dubas, Ulana. (2010). Reading Comprehension of Scientific Text: A Domain-Specific Test...
  • Cummins, J. (1991). Interdependence of firstand second-language proficiency in bilingual children. In E. Bialystok (Ed.), Language processing...
  • Curtain, H., & Dahlberg, C.A. (2004). Languages and children: Making the match. New languages for young learners, grades K–8. Boston,...
  • David, M. K. (1999). Acquiring communicative competence in the reading. Literacy Across Cultures, 3(1). Retrieved from: http://www2.aasa.ac.jp/~dcdycus/LAC99/MAR99/david399.htm
  • Dev, P.C. (1997). Intrinsic motivation and academic achievement: What does their relationship imply for the classroom teacher? Remedial and...
  • Edmunds and Bauserman (2006). Reading motivation reported by students. The Reading Teacher 59(5) February 2006
  • Education First English Proficiency Index. (2014). Fourth edition of the EF English proficiency index. Retrieved from: http://media.ef.com/__/~/media/centralefcom/epi/v4/downloads/fullreports/ef-epi-2014-english.pdf
  • Flowerday, T., Schraw, G., & Stevens, J. (2004). The role of choice and interest in reader engagement. The Journal of Experimental Education,...
  • Freahat, N. M., & Smadi, O. M. (2014). Lower-order and higher-order reading questions in secondary and university level EFL textbooks...
  • Gambrell, L.B., Palmer, B., & Codling, R.M. (1993). Motivation to read. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational...
  • Gernsbacher, M. A. (1990). Language comprehension as structure building. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Graesser, A. C., Singer, M., & Trabasso, T. (1996). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review,...
  • Gregory, A. E., & Cahill, M. A. (2010). Kindergarteners can do it, too! Comprehension strategies for early readers. The Reading Teacher,...
  • Guthrie, J. T. & Klauda, S. L. (2014). Effects of classroom practices on reading comprehension, engagement, and motivations for adolescents....
  • Hafen, Christopher & Hamre, Bridget & P. Allen, Joseph & Bell, Courtney & Gitomer, Drew & C. Pianta, Robert. (2014). Teaching...
  • Hara, A. & Tappe, H., 2016, Inference generation and text comprehension in bilingual children: A case study, Literator, 37(2), a1287....
  • Hatami, S., & Tavakoli, M. (2012). The role of depth versus breadth of vocabulary knowledge in success and ease in L2 lexical inferencing....
  • Heppt, B., Haag, N., Böhme, K., & Stanat, P. (2015). The role of academic-language features for reading comprehension of language-minority...
  • Hidi, S. (2001). Interest, reading, and learning: Theoretical and practical considerations. Educational Psychology Review, 13, 191-209.
  • Holderbaum C. S., Salles J.F. (2011). Semantic priming effect in a lexical decision task comparing third graders and college students in two...
  • Jordanian Teachers Syndicate (2015). Shocking results in Tawjihi examination results. http://jts.org.jo/
  • Keenan, J. M., Potts, G. R., Golding, J. M., & Jennings, T. M. (1990). Which elaborative inferences are drawn during reading? A question...
  • Kendeou P, Smith E, O’Brien E. (2013). Updating during reading comprehension: Why causality matters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,...
  • Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kintsch, W., & Rawson, K. A. (2005). Comprehension. In M. J. Snowling & C. Hulme (Eds.), The science of reading: A handbook (pp. 209–26)....
  • Konaré, B. (1994). Reading comprehension in large classes: A practical classroom procedure. English Teaching Forum. Retrieved from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.101.7161&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Krashen, Stephen. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. New York: Pergamon Press.
  • León, J. A. (2004). Un nuevo enfoque de la competencia lectora basado en diferentes tipos de comprensión [A new approach to reading skills...
  • Long, D. L., & Chong, J. L. (2001). Comprehension skill and global coherence: A paradoxical picture of poor comprehenders’ abilities....
  • Mahfoudhi, Abdessatar & , Everatt & , Elbeheri. (2011). Introduction to the Special Issue of Reading and Writing: "Litearcy in...
  • Maier, Johanna & Richter, Tobias. (2014). Fostering multiple text comprehension: How metacognitive strategies and motivation moderate...
  • Malkawi, K. (2014). Low Tawjihi pass rate suggests fewer applications to private universities. Jordan Times. Retrieved from: http://jordantimes.com/low-tawjihi-pass-ratesuggests-fewer-applications-to-private-universities
  • Matsuki, K., Chow, T., Hare, M., Elman, J. L., Scheepers, C., & McRae, K. (2011). Eventbased plausibility immediately influences on-line...
  • Mckay A., Davis C., Savage G., Castles A. (2008). Semantic involvement in reading aloud:evidence from a nonword training study. J. Exp. Psychol....
  • McNamara, D. S. (2001). Reading both high-coherence and low coherence texts: Effects of text sequence and prior knowledge. Canadian Journal...
  • McNeil, L. (2011). Investigating the contributions of background knowledge and reading comprehension strategies to L2 reading comprehension:...
  • Madikiza, N., (2011). An investigation into reading strategies employed by Grade 9 learners at James Kobi JSS: Implications for teaching reading,...
  • Menken, K., Kleyn, T., & Chae, N. (2012). Spotlight on “long-term English language Learners:” Characteristics and prior schooling experiences...
  • Ministry of Education. (2014). Educational Statistical Report. Amman: MoE. Retrieved from: http://www.moe.gov.jo/MenuDetails.aspx?MenuID=29
  • Morrow, L.M. (1996). Motivating reading and writing in diverse classrooms: Social and physical contexts in a literature-based program (NCTE...
  • Mullis, I. V., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., & Arora, A. (2012). Trends in international mathematics and science study (timss) 2011 international...
  • Nation, K. (2005). ‘Children’s reading comprehension difficulties’, in The Science of Reading: A Handbook, (Eds.) M. J. Snowing and C. Hulme,...
  • Nation, K. (2009). Form-meaning links in the development of visual word recognition. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 364, 3665 – 3674.
  • Nation, K., & Snowling, M. J. (1999). Developmental differences in sensitivity to semantic relations among good and poor comprehenders:...
  • Nation, K., Adams, J. W., Bowyer-Crane, C. A., & Snowling, M. J. (1999). Working memory deficits in poor comprehenders reflect underlyinglanguage...
  • National Reading Panel (2000) Report of the National Reading Panel: Reports of the subgroups, National Institute of Child Health and Human...
  • National Reading Panel. (2000). Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific...
  • Norris, R. W. (1994). Getting students more personally involved: Analternative to the Yakudokuand Lecture-dominated methods of teaching literature...
  • Oakhill, J. V. (1984). Inferential and memory skills in children’s comprehension of stories. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 54,...
  • Olsen, L. (2010). Reparable harm: Fulfilling the unkept promise of educational opportunity for California’s long term English learners (2nd...
  • Ouellette, G. P. (2006). What's meaning got to do with it: The role of vocabulary in word reading and reading comprehension. Journal of...
  • Pearson English. (2011). Companies in Middle East region ranked lowest for business English competency. Retrieved from www.globalenglish.com/company/press/releases/466
  • Perfetti, C. A. (1985). Reading ability. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Perfetti, C. A. (1994). Psycholinguistics and reading...
  • Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 849–894). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Perfetti, C. A., Landi, N. and Oakhill, J. (2005) ‘The acquisition...
  • Perfetti, C. A., Marron, M. A., & Foltz, P. W. (1996). Sources of comprehension failure: Theoretical perspectives and case studies. In...
  • Pike, M. M., Barnes, M. A., & Barron, R. W. (2010). The role of illustrations in children's inferential comprehension. Journal of...
  • PISA. (2012). Jordan: Student performance. OECD. Retrieved from: http://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=JOR&treshold=10&topic=PI
  • Porter, K. (2010). Pre-reading strategies, viewed 18 October 2012, from http://www. departments.webar.edu/teacher/reading/pre-reading.html
  • Prater, D. and Terry, C. (1988). Effects of mapping strategies on reading comprehension and writing performance. Reading Psychology: An International...
  • Pretorius, E.J. (2002). Reading and applied linguistics: A deafening silence?, Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 20,...
  • Rai, M. K., Loschky, L. C., Harris, R. J., Peck, N. R., & Cook, L. G. (2011). Effects of stress and working memory capacity on foreign...
  • Rixon, S. (2013). British Council Survey of Policy and Practice in Primary English Language Teaching Worldwide, London: British Council.
  • Rupley, W. H., & Nichols, W. D. (2005). Vocabulary instruction for the struggling readers. Reading Writing Quarterly, 21(3), 239-260.
  • Rothman, J., & Halloran, B. (2013). Formal Linguistic Approaches to L3/Ln Acquisition: A Focus on Morphosyntactic Transfer in Adult Multilingualism....
  • Scott, S. E. (2009). Knowledge for teaching reading comprehension: Mapping the terrain (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Michigan)....
  • Sheng, H. J. (2000). A cognitive model for teaching reading comprehension. English Teaching Forum, 38(4). Retrieved from: http://202.194.48.102/englishonline/jxyj/xslw/EZine/T7ya8teaching%20reading.asp?
  • Singh, Y. G. (2011). Academic Achievement and Study Habits of Higher Secondary Students. International Referred Research Journal, 3 (27), 2.
  • Singhal, M. (1998). A comparison of L1 and L2 reading: Cultural differences and schema. The Internet TESL Journal, 4(10). Retrieved from http://iteslj.org/Articles/SinghalReadingL1L2....
  • Staub, A. (2015). Reading Sentences: Syntactic Parsing and Semantic Interpretation, In Pollatsek, A. & Treiman, R. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook...
  • Syed, Z. (2003). The sociocultural context of English language teaching in the Gulf. TESOL Quarterly, 37, 337–341.10.2307/3588508
  • USAID (2008). Evaluation of the Jordan education initiative: Report: Task 1. In D. Light & C. Rockman (Eds.), Evaluation of the Jordan...
  • Uso-Juan, E., & Martinez-Flor, A. (2006). Towards acquiring communicative competence through reading. In E. Uso-Juan, & A. Martinez-Flor...
  • Van Kleeck, A. (2008). Providing preschool foundations for later reading comprehension: The importance of and ideas for targeting inferencing...
  • Vu, H., Kellas, G., Petersen, E., & Metcalf, K. (2003). Situationevoking stimuli, domain of reference, and the incremental interpretation...
  • Wessels, M. (2007). Practical guide to facilitating language learning, (2nd edn.), Oxford University Press: South Africa.
  • Wooly, G., (2011). Reading comprehension: Assisting children with learnnig difficulties. Brisbane, Australia: Springer. Retrieved from: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-1174-7_2#page-1
  • Yoshikawa, H., Kabay, S. (2015). The Evidence Base on Early Childhood Care and Education in Global Contexts, Education for All 2000-2015:...
  • Zwaan, R. A., & Brown, C. M. (1996). The influence of language proficiency and comprehension skill on situation model construction. Discourse...
  • Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 162–85.