Efectos mediáticos de las películas que representan estereotipos sexuales de género en adolescentes y jóvenes

• Polo-Alonso, Cristina ^[2] ; Vangeel, Laurens ^[1] ; Vandenbosch, Laura ^[1]
  1. [1] KU Leuven

     KU Leuven

     Arrondissement Leuven, Bélgica

     
  2. [2] Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, University of KU Leuven (Belgium) and research collaborator at the Department of Audiovisual Communication and Advertising II (University Complutense of Madrid, Spain)
• Localización: Comunicación y Género, ISSN-e 2605-1982, Vol. 1, Nº. 2, 2018, págs. 127-145
• Idioma: español
• DOI: 10.5209/CGEN.62671
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Effects of Stereotypical Sex Role Movies on Adolescents and Emerging Adults
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Dialnet Métricas: 1 Cita
• Resumen
  • español

    Este experimento investiga el efecto de las películas que representan roles sexuales de género sobre los estereotipos sexuales de género y mitos de la violación de los y las adolescentes, y jóvenes (N = 116). Los y las participantes, tras ver una película representando estereotipos sexuales de género over una película sin dichos estereotipos (grupo de control), completaron un cuestionario sobre suaceptación de estos estereotipos y los mitos de la violación. Los resultados señalaron que, los y las adolescentes que vieron la película estereotípica, mostraron mayor tolerancia hacia estos estereotipos y los mitos de la violación. No se encontraron efectos mediáticos entre los y las jóvenes. Para explicar estos resultados, utilizamos las teorías del aprendizaje social y del efecto de priming.

  • English

    This experiment examines the effect of movies portraying stereotypical sex roles on sexual gender stereotypes and rape myths among adolescents and emerging adults (N = 116). After watching a stereotypical sex role movie or a control movie, participants completed a survey on their acceptance of sexual stereotypes and rape myths. Results showed that male and female adolescents who watched the stereotyped movie reported more acceptance of gender stereotypes and rape myths. No effects were found among emerging adults. Social learning theory and media priming are used in discussing these findings.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Alfieri, T., Ruble, D. N., & Higgins, E. T. (1996). Gender stereotypes during adolescence: Developmental changes and the transition to...
  • Alloy Media & Marketing. (2009). 9th Annual College Explorer Survey. Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.marketingcharts.com/television/college-students-spend-12-hoursday-with-me...
  • American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Communications. (2001). Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media. Pediatrics, 107(1), 191–194....
  • American Psychological Association (APA). (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/girls/report.aspx
  • Aosved, A. C., & Long, P. J. (2006). Co-occurrence of rape myth acceptance, sexism, racism, homophobia, ageism, classism, and religious...
  • Arendt, F., & Marquart, F. (2015). Corrupt politicians? Media priming effects on overtly expressed stereotypes toward politicians. Communications,...
  • Arnett, J. (1992). Reckless behavior in adolescence: A developmental perspective. Developmental Review, 12, 339-373. doi: 10.1016/0273-2297(92)90013-R
  • Arnett, J. J. (1995). Adolescents’ uses of media for self-socialization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(5), 519-533.
  • Arnett, J. J. (1998). Learning to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context. Human...
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5),...
  • Arnett, J. J. (2013). The evidence for generation we and against generation me. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 5-10.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2013). Adolescence and emerging adulthood: A cultural approach (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2015). Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens to Through the Twenties (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University...
  • Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 359-373....
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
  • Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology, 51(2), 269-290. doi: 10.1111/1464-0597.00092
  • Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (2000). The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In H. T. Reis...
  • Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4), 354-364.
  • Brown, J. D., Childers, K. W., & Waszak, C. S. (1990). Television and adolescent sexuality. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 11(1),...
  • Brown, J. D., Halpern, C. T., & L’Engle, K. L. (2005). Mass media as a sexual super peer for early maturing girls. Journal of Adolescent...
  • Brown, E. F., & Hendee, W. R. (1989). Adolescents and their music: Insights into the health of adolescents. JAMA, 262(12), 1659-1663....
  • Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217-230. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
  • Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676-713.
  • Cann, V. (2014). The limits of masculinity: Boys, taste and cultural consumption. In Debating Modern Masculinities: Change, Continuity, Crisis?...
  • Christie, D., & Viner, R. (2005). ABC of adolescence: Adolescent development. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 330(7486), 301-304.
  • Coyne, S. M., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Howard, E. (2013). Emerging in a digital world: A decade review of media use, effects, and gratifications...
  • Cuklanz, L. M. (1998). The masculine ideal: Rape on prime-time television, 1976–1978. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 15(4), 423-448.
  • Domke, D., Shah, D. V., & Wackman, D. B. (1998). Media priming effects: Accessibility, association, and activation. International Journal...
  • Eagly, A. H., & Mladinic, A. (1989). Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,...
  • Eccles, J. S. (1987). Gender roles and women’s achievement-related decisions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11(2), 135-172. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00781.x
  • Eggermont, S. (2006). The impact of television viewing on adolescents’ sexual socialization. (Doctoral dissertation). Katholieke Universiteit...
  • Emmers-Sommer, T. M., Pauley, P., Hanzal, A., & Triplett, L. (2006). Love, suspense, sex, and violence: Men’s and women’s film predilections,...
  • Epstein, D. (1997). Boyz’Own Stories: Masculinities and sexualities in schools. Gender and Education, 9(1), 105-116. doi: 10.1080/09540259721484
  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
  • Eyal, K., & Finnerty, K. (2009). The portrayal of sexual intercourse on television: How, who, and with what consequence? Mass Communication...
  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health...
  • Furman, W., & Simon, V. A. (1999). Cognitive representations of adolescent romantic relationships. The Development of Romantic Relationships...
  • Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27(3), 291-305. doi: 10.1177/0022343390027003005
  • Greenberg, B. S., Brown, J. D., & Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. (1992). Media, Sex, and the Adolescent. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
  • Greenberg, B. S., Siemicki, M., Dorfman, S., et al. (1986). Sex content in R-rated films viewed by adolescents. Project CAST Report No. 3....
  • Greenberg, B. S., Linsangan, R., & Soderman, A. (1993). Adolescents’ reactions to television sex. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, &...
  • Gruber, E., & Grube, J. W. (2000). Adolescent sexuality and the media. The Western Journal of Medicine, 172(3), 210-214.
  • Gunasekera, H., Chapman, S., & Campbell, S. (2005). Sex and drugs in popular movies: an analysis of the top 200 films. Journal of the...
  • Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988). How rock music videos can change what is seen when boy meets girl: Priming stereotypic appraisal...
  • Hansen, C. H., & Krygowski, W. (1994). Arousal-augmented priming effects: Rock music videos and sex object schemas. Communication Research,...
  • Hefner, V., & Wilson, B. J. (2013). From love at first sight to soul mate: The influence of romantic ideals in popular films on young...
  • Hill, J. P., & Lynch, M. E. (1983). The intensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence. In Brooks-Gunn J.,...
  • Huston, A. C., & Alvarez, M. M. (1990). The socialization context of gender role development in early adolescence. In R. Montemayor, G....
  • Jackson, S. (1995). The social context of rape: Sexual scripts and motivation. In P. Searles & R. J. Berger (Eds.), Rape and society,...
  • Jamieson, P., More, E., Lee, S., Busse, P., & Romer, D. (2008). It matters what people watch: Health risk behaviors portrayed in top-grossing...
  • Johannesen–Schmidt, M. C., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). Another look at sex differences in preferred mate characteristics: The effects of endorsing...
  • Kahlor, L., & Morrison, D. (2007). Television viewing and rape myth acceptance among college women. Sex Roles, 56(11-12), 729-739. doi:...
  • Kahlor, L., & Eastin, M. S. (2011). Television’s role in the culture of violence toward women: A study of television viewing and the cultivation...
  • Kaiser Family Foundation. (2010). Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8- to 18- year olds. Menlo Park, CA: Author.
  • Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the individual. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz...
  • Kim, J. L., Lynn Sorsoli, C., Collins, K., Zylbergold, B. A., Schooler, D., & Tolman, D. L. (2007). From sex to sexuality: Exposing the...
  • Kirsch, A. C., & Murnen, S. K. (2015). “Hot” girls and “cool dudes”: Examining the prevalence
  • of the heterosexual script in American children’s television media. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 4(1), 18- 30. doi: 10.1037/ppm0000017.
  • Koss, M. P., Goodman, L. A., Browne, A., Fitzgerald, L. F., Keita, G. P., & Russo, N. G. (1994). United all women: The fear of rape. In...
  • Kunkel, D., Farrar, K. M., Eyal, K., Biely, E., & Donnerstein, E. (2007). Sexual socialization messages on entertainment television: Comparing...
  • Lagaert, S., Van Houtte, M., & Roose, H. (2017). Engendering Culture: The Relationship of Gender Identity and Pressure for Gender Conformity...
  • Larsen, E. (1990). Censoring sex information: The story of Sassy. Utne Reader, 40, 96-97.
  • Lonsdale, A. J., & North, A. C. (2011). Why do we listen to music? A uses and gratifications analysis. British Journal of Psychology,...
  • Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1994). Rape myths: In review. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 133–164.
  • Malamuth, N. M., & Check, J. V. (1985). The effects of aggressive pornography on beliefs in rape myths: Individual differences. Journal...
  • Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, 9(11), 159-187.
  • Martin, C. L. (1993). New Directions for Investigating Children′ s Gender Knowledge. Developmental Review, 13(2), 184-204. doi: 10.1006/drev.1993.1008
  • Martino, W. (1999). ‘Cool boys’, ‘party animals’, ‘squids’ and ‘poofters’: Interrogating the dynamics and politics of adolescent masculinities...
  • Milburn, M. A., Mather, R., & Conrad, S. D. (2000). The effects of viewing R-rated movie scenes that objectify women on perceptions of...
  • Parsons, T. (1942). Age and sex in the social structure of the United States. American Sociological Review, 7(5), 604-616.
  • Pechmann, C. (2001). A comparison of health communication models: Risk learning versus stereotype priming. Media Psychology, 3(2), 189-210....
  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2011). The use of sexually explicit internet material and its antecedents: A longitudinal comparison of...
  • Power, J. G., Murphy, S. T., & Coover, G. (1996). Priming Prejudice How Stereotypes and Counter-Stereotypes Influence Attribution of Responsibility...
  • Rindfuss, R. R. (1991). The young adult years: Diversity, structural change, and fertility. Demography, 28(4), 493-512. doi: 10.2307/2061419
  • Rivadeneyra, R., & Lebo, M. J. (2008). The association between television-viewing behaviors and adolescent dating role attitudes and behaviors....
  • Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., Roskos-Ewoldsen, B., & Carpentier, F. R. D. (2002). Media priming: A synthesis. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann...
  • Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., Klinger, M. R., & Roskos-Ewoldsen, B. (2007). Media priming: A meta-analysis. Mass media effects research: Advances...
  • Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., & Roskos-Ewoldsen, B. (2009). Current research in media priming. The SAGE Handbook of Media Processes and Effects,...
  • Rozee, P. D., & Koss, M. P. (2001). Rape: A century of resistance. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25(4), 295-311. doi: 10.1111/1471-6402.00030
  • Rubin, A. (2002). The uses-and-gratifications perspective of media effects. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances...
  • Rudy, R. M., Popova, L., & Linz, D. G. (2010). The context of current content analysis of gender roles: An introduction to a special issue....
  • Rudy, R. M., Popova, L., & Linz, D. G. (2011). Contributions to the content analysis of gender roles: An introduction to a special issue....
  • Schooler, D., Sorsoli, C. L., Kim, J., & Tolman, D. (2009). Beyond exposure: A person-oriented approach to adolescent media diets. Journal...
  • Spiro, M.E. (1994). Culture and Human Nature. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press. Steele, J. R., & Brown, J. D. (1995). Adolescent room...
  • Stith, S. M., Smith, D. B., Pen, C. E., Ward, D. B., & Tritt, D. (2004). Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization...
  • Strasburger, V. C., & Wilson, B. J. (2002). Youth and media: Opportunities for development or lurking dangers? Children, Adolescents,...
  • Suarez, E., & Gadalla, T. M. (2010). Stop blaming the victim: A meta-analysis on rape myths. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(11),...
  • Sutton, M. J., Brown, J. D., Wilson, K. M., & Klein, J. D. (2002). Shaking the tree of knowledge for forbidden fruit: Where adolescents...
  • Swanson, D. L. (1979). The uses and gratifications approach to mass communications research. Communication Research, 6, 3-112.
  • Ter Bogt, T. F., Engels, R. C., Bogers, S., & Kloosterman, M. (2010). “Shake it baby, shake it”: Media preferences, sexual attitudes and...
  • Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Walther, J. B. (2016). Media effects: Theory and research. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 315-338. doi:...
  • Vervloessem, D., Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2011, March). Sexual acts and sexual suggestions on music channels: A content analysis....
  • Villani, S. (2001). Impact of media on children and adolescents: a 10-year review of the research. Journal of the American Academy of Child...
  • Ward, L. M. (2002). Does television exposure affect emerging adults’ attitudes and assumptions about sexual relationships? Correlational and...
  • Ward, L. M. (2003). Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: A review of empirical research....
  • Ward, L. M., Hansbrough, E., & Walker, E. (2005). Contributions of music video exposure to black adolescents’ gender and sexual schemas....
  • Ward, L. M., & Friedman, K. (2006). Using TV as a guide: Associations between television viewing and adolescents’ sexual attitudes and...
  • Ward, L. M., Epstein, M., Caruthers, A., & Merriwether, A. (2011). Men’s media use, sexual cognitions, and sexual risk behavior: testing...
  • Ward, L. M. (2016). Media and sexualization: State of empirical research, 1995–2015. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(4-5), 560-577. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1142496
  • Waterman, A. S. (1999). Identity, the identity statuses, and identity status development: A contemporary statement. Developmental Review,...
  • Williams, J. E., & Bennett, S. M. (1975). The definition of sex stereotypes via the adjective check list. Sex Roles, 1(4), 327-337. doi:...
  • Wright, P. J. (2011). Mass media effects on youth sexual behavior. Communication Yearbook, 35, 343–385. doi: 10.1080/23808985.2011.11679121