Communication and division on the northern border of Catalonia between the 15th and 18th centuries

• Patrici Pojada ^[1]
  1. [1] University of Perpignan

     University of Perpignan

     Arrondissement de Perpignan, Francia

     
• Localización: Catalan Historical Review, ISSN-e 2013-4088, Nº. 11, 2018, págs. 41-55
• Idioma: inglés
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen

  • Catalonia’s northern border underwent major shifts during the Modern Age. Wars played a significant role in these changes, as evidenced by the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, a stage in the process which led to the creation of an actual state borderline that the people gradually started to internalise. Nonetheless, the border dwellers still interacted with each other, making it a place of intense exchanges which included them within a larger cultural and economic framework in which they strove to live “as good neighbours”, as they themselves put it.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • [1] Article 36 of the Costums de Perpinyà recognised this right.
  • [2] Michel Brunet. Le Roussillon, une société contre l’État (1780-1820). El Trabucaire, Perpignan 1990, pp. 473- 474.
  • [3] Document from the Parliament of Toulouse published in the Bulletin de la Société Ariégeoise des Sciences, Lettres et Arts (1893), pp....
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  • [10] They are 45 km in a straight line and 55 km by foot. Ramon Sala. Dieu, le roi et les hommes. Perpignan et le Roussillon (1580-1830)....
  • [11] Some of the cases mentioned in: Père Forcaud. “Relation de la mission faite en 1642 en la vallée d’Aran”. Revue de Comminges (1893);...
  • Annales du Midi (1959), pp. 21- 42; Bernard Druène. “Notes pour l’histoire de Vénasque”. Revue de Comminges (1954), p. 115; Bernard Druène....
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  • [13] This what is demonstrated by, for example, Christian Desplat. La guerre oubliée..., op. cit. For examples of violence among Catalan valleys,...
  • [14] Claudine Pailhès. D’or et de sang. Le xvie siècle ariégeois. Arxiu Departamental de l’Arieja, Foix 1992, p. 115.
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  • Catalan Historical Review-11.indb 52 20/07/2018 8:38:43
  • du Siècle d’Or, sur les marges (1462-1659)”. In: Jean Sagnes (dir.). Nouvelle histoire..., op. cit., pp. 193-201.
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  • [19] Guillaume de Joyeuse was a lieutenant general from Languedoc and a fierce opponent of the Protestants.
  • [20] On this siege, see Janine Garrisson. “La ‘Genève française’ (16e siècle)”. In: Histoire de Montauban. Privat, Toulouse 1984, pp. 110-117....
  • [21] Xavier Torres i Sans. Nyerros i cadells..., op. cit., pp. 150-152.
  • [22] We can find a fascinating example of the relations between the two sides in Lluís Obiols i Perearnau. “El bandolerisme a la Cerdanya:...
  • [23] Lluís Obiols i Perearnau. Lo niu dels bandolers de Catalunya. Els setges del castell d’Arsèguel (1588-1592). Salòria, La Seu d’Urgell...
  • [24] Patrice Poujade. Une vallée frontière..., op. cit., pp. 118- 119 and 126.
  • [25] Member of the local petty nobility. [26] On this topic, see Pilar Sánchez. “La Inquisición y el
  • control de la frontera pirenaica en el Aragón de la segunda mitad del siglo xvi”. Historia Social, no. 11 (autumn 1991), pp. 3-22.
  • [27] Dietari de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Vol. 2. Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona 1990.
  • [28] Twenty-four percent were Catalans and 21% Aragonese. [29] List published by Lluís Obiols Perearnau. Lo niu dels
  • bandolers..., op. cit., pp. 92-94. Twenty-four percent encompasses everyone categorised as “Gascon” or “French”.
  • [30] Archive of the Crown of Aragon, Consell d’Aragó, bundle 98, 13/3/1598.
  • [31] See August Rafanell and Albert Rossich. “La langue occitane dans la Catalogne du xviiie siècle”. Lengas. Revue de Sociolinguistique,...
  • [32] Antoni Fiter i Rossell. Manual Digest de les Valls neutras de Andorra, 1748 (manuscript), Consell General d’Andorrra, 1987, f. 285 and...
  • [33] Salvador Galceran Vigué. Dietari de la fidelíssima vila de Puigcerdà. Fundació Salvador Vives Casajuana, Barcelona 1977, pp. 40-41.
  • [34] Felix Pasquier. Coutumes de la ville d’Ax sur Ariège, 1241-1391, 1676. Veuve Pommiès, Foix 1888, art. 50 and 39; Claudine Pailhès. Du...
  • [35] “Índex dels privilegis, franquesas y exempcions que gosan los habitadors de las Valls de Andorra en las terras y dominis del Regne de...
  • [36] A summary can be found in Patrici Pojada. “Realitats frontereres no estatals: les lligues i patzeries”. In: Àngel Casals (coord.). Les...
  • [37] A year and a half later, the western Pyrenees valleys (Bearnaise and Aragonese) signed an agreement known as the Treaty of Canfranc.
  • [38] The text of the treaty, which is conserved in the Archive of the Parliament of Toulouse (Arxiu Departamental de l’Alta Garona, B 1920),...
  • [39] Arxiu Departamental de l’Arieja, 1 J 87. [40] Arxiu Departamental de l’Arieja, 5 E 2311, me Ferriol,
  • Ax, f. 313v (05/05/1641), 315 (07/05/1641) and 316 (07/05/1641), and 5 E 2390, me Tardieu, Ax, f. 846 (04/05/1641).
  • [41] Arxiu Departamental de l’Arieja, 5 E 10251, me Serda, Ax, f. 2614 (02/06/1650).
  • [42] Regarding the market in Rodès, see Jacques Bousquet. Enquête sur les commodités du Rouergue en 1552. Procès avec l’Agenais, le Quercy...
  • [43] Eva Serra and Maria Àngels Sanllehy. “Comerç tran- spirinenc a Catalunya segons la documentació de la Generalitat de Catalunya (s. xvi-xvii)”....
  • [44] “This village is filled with French, who far outnumber the natives”, letter from F. de Beaumont to the emperor (Perpignan, 20/08/1536)...
  • [45] William Monter. “Els immigrants francesos i la Inquisició de Barcelona, 1550-1650”. L’Avenç, no. 120 (November 1988), p. 10.
  • [46] William Monter. “Els immigrants francesos...”, op. cit., p. 10.
  • [47] Constitucions de Catalunya, book ix, Courts of Montsó, 1510.
  • [48] There is no way we can cite all of them. However, among others, we shall mention as an example the names of researchers like Valentí...
  • [49] Jordi Nadal and Emili Giralt. La population catalane de 1553 à 1717. L’émigration française et les autres facteurs de son développement....
  • [50] We know about master builders and sawyers from LimCatalan Historical Review-11.indb 53 20/07/2018 8:38:43
  • ousin. More than 22% of those from the lands in the central massif in the kingdom of France worked with wood or in construction.
  • [51] On this point, see Patrici Pojada. “Les xarxes comercials transpirinenques al segle xvii”. In: Jaume Dantí (coord.). Les xarxes urbanes...
  • [52] See Patrick Ferté. “La Nation Hispanica en Toulouse: para una prosopografía de los estudiantes españoles en Toulouse en los siglos xvii...
  • [53] Patrice Poujade. “La Vall d’Aran i les fronteres al segle xvi”. Afers, no. 29 (1998), pp. 139-156. From the other side of the border,...
  • [54] Miquel Pérez Latre. “Frontera militar i poder municipal a Perpinyà (1571-1585)”. Afers, no. 27 (1997), pp. 362-364.
  • [55] Regarding the repression of banditry, see: Xavier Torres i Sans. Els bandolers (s. xvi-xvii). Eumo, Vic 1991, pp. 159-189; Núria Sales....
  • [56] Montserrat Palau Martí. Protestantisme i Inquisició a Andorra al segle xvi. Problemes de competències i conflictes jurisdiccionals. Consell...
  • [57] Patrice Poujade. Une vallée frontière..., op. cit., pp. 128- 129.
  • [58] The case of Aragon was studied by Gregorio Colás Latorre and José Antonio Salas Ausens. Aragón en el siglo xvi. Alteraciones sociales...
  • [59] Xavier Torres i Sans. Els bandolers..., op. cit., p. 177. [60] Patrice Poujade. Une vallée frontière..., op. cit., pp. 125-
  • 126. [61] Emmanuelle Rebardy-Julia. Un évêché entre deux
  • mondes. Elne/Perpignan xvie-xviiie siècles. El Trabucaire, Perpignan 2009, p. 248.
  • [62] See Manuel Abizanda y Broto. El índice de privilegios del Valle de Arán. IEI, Balaguer 1944, privileges no. 53 (31/12/1565) and 87 (05/02/1570).
  • [63] Montserrat Palau Martí. Protestantisme i Inquisició..., op. cit., pp. 53-59.
  • [64] Pau de la Fàbrega Pallarès. L’oferiment de retrocessió del Rosselló a Espanya (1668-1677). Rafael Dalmau, Barcelona 1962 (reissued in...
  • [65] Here we shall not discuss the special case of Llívia, which,
  • as a town and not a village, remained within the Spanish monarchy, thus creating a kind of territorial enclave separated from the rest of...
  • [66] Alícia Marcet. “La Cerdagne après le Traité des Pyrénées”. In: Actes del Primer Congrés Internacional d’Història de Puicerdà (1977)....
  • [67] Marc Conesa. D’herbe, de terre et de sang. La Cerdagne du xive au xixe siècle. PUP, Perpignan 2012, pp. 118-121, and documents, pp. 526-527.
  • [68] Document from the Archive of the Eastern Pyrenees (Perpignan), 1 C 1393, cited by Alícia Marcet. “La Cerdagne après...”, op. cit., p....
  • [69] Peter Sahlins. Fronteres i identitats: formació d’Espanya i França a la Cerdanya, s. xvii-xix. Eumo, Vic 1993, p. 107.
  • [70] Regarding all of this, see Daniel Nordman. Frontières de France. De l’espace au territoire (xvie-xixe siècle). Gallimard, Paris 1998,...
  • [71] Alain Ayats. Louis XIV et les Pyrénées catalanes de 1659 à 1681. Frontière politique et frontières militaires. El Trabucaire, Canet de...
  • [72] Daniel Nordman. Frontières de France..., op. cit., p. 325. [73] For the Cerdagne, we shall refer to the study by Peter
  • Sahlins. Fronteres i identitats..., op. cit., which is fully devoted to this topic.
  • [74] See Òscar Jané Checa. França i Catalunya al segle xvii. Identitats, contraidentitats i ideologies a l’època moderna (1640-1700). Afers,...
  • [75] Ramon Sala. Dieu, le roi et les hommes..., op. cit., pp. 89- 90.
  • [76] Institut d’Estudis Ilerdencs (Lleida), C/44, 24/07/1767. [77] This is the evolution described by Chevalier (Michel
  • Chevalier. La vie humaine dans les Pyrénées ariégeoises. Milan-Résonances, Toulouse 1984 (1956), p. 453), for the relations between Salardú...
  • [78] We should recall that the Vall d’Aran is located in the north of the Pyrenees, where it was easily supplied, but under Spanish sovereignty.
  • [79] Maria Àngels Sanllehy i Sabi. Comunitats, veïns i arrendataris a la Val d’Aran (s. xvii-xviii): dels usos comunals a la dependència econòmica....
  • [80] The peace always upheld in the agreements among the valleys: the expression “as good neighbours” can be found in the patzeries renewed...
  • Catalan Historical Review-11.indb 54 20/07/2018 8:38:43
  • the valleys of Àneu, Aran, Castilhonés and Couserans, and countless times in the correspondence exchanged among the communities of Salardú...
  • [81] The intendant of Roussillon attributed the meadow to Andorra (known now as the “Solana andorrana” or Andorran meadow) in 1687, but this...
  • [82] The expression comes from José Forné. “Le paravent de la violence institutionnelle”. In: Pays pyrénéens et pouvoirs centraux (xvie-xxe...
  • [83] Regarding this “mass consumption”, see, for example, Sophie Avarguez and Aude Harlé. “Consommer à la frontière: usages et perceptions...