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Purpose Differentiation is important dimension of organizational structure as it is the building block of organizational structure upon which organizations are based. This study has investigated the nature of differentiation in central libraries of leading universities in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach Concurrent mixed methods design was used to carry out this research. Structured questionnaire, content analysis of organizational documents and observation of library section were used to collect data for this study. Findings Majority of libraries have divided the entire library operations into five to eight departments and acquisition, circulation and periodical sections are created in almost all the libraries included in the sample. Unity of command principle is applied at section level but dual chain of command is prevalent for personnel working below these two hierarchical levels as they have to report to both section head and library head. In majority of libraries, average span of control ranges from five to ten personnel for library head and from six to seven personnel for section head. Originality/value No such study is conducted in Pakistan. This study has identified the levels of differentiation and will guide academic library executives in creating balance in the levels of differentiation to accomplish the objectives of the organization
