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While a number of studies examined the mechanisms that link high-involvement human resource systems (HIHRS) to organizational performance, few have systematically explained why the adoption of such systems remains limited. Based on a national sample of 247 call center establishments in China, this study investigates an array of organizational and regional characteristics and their impact on the adoption of HIHRS. Our results indicate several findings. First, foreign-invested and local state-owned companies are more likely to adopt HIHRS than private businesses. Second, non-listed firms and those listed on foreign stock exchanges adopt HIHRS more than those listed on Chinese stock exchanges. Third, firms serving high-value customer segments and a large geographic coverage are more likely to adopt HIHRS than those serving low-value, local customers. Last, regional differences moderate the effects of ownership identities and stock market listings on the adoption of HIHRS. Specifically, local state-owned enterprises and private businesses in coastal provinces bear more similarities in adopting HIHRS than they do in inland provinces. We also find that companies listed in Chinese stock markets are more similar to non-listed companies in coastal provinces than in inland provinces.
