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Considerable NO3- contamination of underlying aquifers is associated with greenhouse-based vegetable production in south-eastern Spain, where 80% of cropping occurs in soil. To identify management factors likely to contribute to NO3- leaching from soil-based cropping, a survey of irrigation and N management practices was conducted in 53 commercial greenhouses. For each greenhouse: (i) a questionnaire of general irrigation and N management practices was completed, (ii) amounts of N applied in manure were estimated; and for one crop in each greenhouse: (a) irrigation volume was compared with ETc calculated using a mathematical model and (b) total amount of applied fertiliser N was compared with crop N uptake. Total irrigation during the first 6 weeks after transplanting/sowing was generally excessive, being >150 and >200% of modelled ETc in, respectively, 68 and 60% of greenhouses. During the subsequent period, applied irrigation was generally similar to modelled ETc, with only 12% of greenhouses applying >150% of modelled ETc. Large irrigations prior to transplanting/sowing were applied in 92% of greenhouses to leach salts and moisten soil. Volumes applied were >20 and >40 mm in, respectively, 69 and 42% of greenhouses. Chemical soil disinfectants had been recently applied in 43% of greenhouses; associated irrigation volumes were >20 and >40 mm in, respectively, 78 and 48% of greenhouses conducting disinfection. Nitrogen and irrigation management were generally based on experience, with very little use of soil or plant analysis. Large manure applications were made at greenhouse construction in 98% of greenhouse, average manure and N application rates were, respectively, 432 m3 ha-1 and 3046 kg N ha-1. Periodic manure applications were made in 68% of greenhouses, average application rates for farmyard and pelleted manures were, respectively, 157 and 13 m3 ha-1 (in 55 and 13% of greenhouses); the average N rate was 947 kg N ha-1. Manure N was not considered in N fertiliser programs in 74% of greenhouses. On average, 75% of fertiliser N was applied as NO3-. Applied fertiliser N was >1.5 and >2 times crop N uptake in, respectively, 42 and 21% of crops surveyed. The survey identified various management practices likely to contribute to NO3- leaching loss. Large manure applications and experiential mineral N management practices, based on NO3- application, are likely to cause accumulation of soil NO3-. Drainage associated with: (i) the combined effect of large irrigations immediately prior to and excessive irrigations for several weeks following transplanting/sowing and (ii) large irrigations for salt leaching and soil disinfection, is likely to leach accumulated NO3- from the root zone. This study demonstrated that surveys can be very useful diagnostic tools for identifying crop management practices, on commercial farms, that are likely to contribute to appreciable NO3- leaching
