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The recent wave of upheavals and revolts in Northern Africa and the Middle-East leads back to an old question, often raised by the theories of collective action : does repression acts as a negative or positive incentive for further mobilization ? Through a review of the vast literature devoted to this question, this article intends to go beyond theoretical and methodological dead-ends. The article moves on to non-Western settings in order to better understand, in light of a macro-sociological and dynamic approach, the causality effects between mobilizations and repression. It pleads for a meso- and micro-level approach to this issue : an approach that puts analytical emphasis both on protest organizations and on individual activists' careers.
