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The juicio de amparo—often translated as constitutional relief—is one of Mexico’s most distinctive contributions to global constitutionalism, recognized by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) for its capacity to provide the complainant with effective remedies. In recent history, the amparo enabled plaintiffs to obtain suspensiones (precautionary suspensions) of general laws and administrative measures. Environmental litigants relied on this tool to secure urgent protections, in exceptional cases achieving definitive results before the final ruling. At the same time, monopolies and corporate actors weaponized the amparo to block regulation and entrench privileges, constraining democratic decision-making. The 2024 reform limits the judiciary’s power to suspend general norms, curbing both the leverage of corporate actors and the capacity of civil society to prevent environmental harm. The challenge for the newly elected judiciary is to navigate this delicate balance: remaining responsive to democratic legitimacy while adhering strictly to constitutional principles, so that the amparo continues to serve as a safeguard for rights without becoming either a counter-majoritarian veto or an instrument of transient majorities.
