Acceso usuarios
Verónica Sanz Esteban, Lucía Garbín Batanero
Este trabajo analiza el caso del proyecto Ras al-Hikma como parte de la integración subordinada de Egipto en el sistema económico regional articulado en torno a los estados del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo (CCG), particu-larmente los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. En febrero de 2024, el gobierno egipcio acordó ceder el proyecto de Ras al-Hi-kma al fondo soberano ADQ de Abu Dabi, para el desarrollo de una nueva ciudad centrada en el sector inmobiliario y el turismo de lujo.Considerando la trayectoria político-económica de Egipto, su integración en el orden económico internacional y la dependencia de la deuda externa y la inversión extranjera directa (IED), se construye un marco analítico para exa-minar lo que constituye la mayor entrada de IED en la historia del país. El régimen de Al Sisi inició una reintegración a la economía global a través del endeudamiento, principalmente con el FMI, condicionado a la aplicación de medidas de austeridad severas, implementadas bajo una fuerte represión. La inversión emiratí de 35.000 millones de dólares refleja el papel del régimen actual como mediador necesario para ejecutar los mandatos del capital internacional.Tras un análisis de la trayectoria de dependencia estructural de Egipto, el enfoque metodológico de estudio de caso cualitativo permite revelar tendencias actuales de la economía política egipcia, que incluyen un cambio en el modelo de dependencia estructural basado en una creciente complementariedad entre el endeudamiento con las institucio-nes financieras internacionales y la inversión extranjera directa de capital del Golfo, principalmente emiratí. En este sentido, el artículo pone el foco en el papel que cumple Egipto para la expansión y acumulación de capital del Golfo y las implicaciones que tiene para la población egipcia la creciente dependencia sobre la IED, que supone una pérdida de soberanía aún mayor que el endeudamiento.Así, Ras al-Hikma se presenta como un punto de inflexión en el papel del capital del CCG y su capacidad para mol-dear la realidad económica y urbana de Egipto, con grandes implicaciones para la población en términos de despla-zamientos, implementación de un modelo de desarrollo excluyente y elitista; y consolidando un régimen que media a través de la represión para asegurar una integración subordinada de Egipto en la economía internacional que responda a los intereses de los capitales del Golfo, incluso cediendo parte del territorio estatal.
This article analyses the case of Ras al-Hikma project as part of Egypt’s subordinate integration into the regional economic system around the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, particularly the United Arab Emirates, in a context of global financialization and post-Arab Spring geopolitical realignment. Through this project, the greatest foreign direct investment (FDI) disbursement in Egyptian history, the Egyptian government, in February 2024, agreed on ceding the Ras al-Hikma city development project in the northern Egyptian coast to the Abu Dhabi Sovereign holding ADQ for thirty-five billion dollars, meaning that they would plan, build and develop a new ‘fourth generation’ Egyptian city, focused on real estate and luxury tourism, with the Egyptian state only receiving 35% of the revenues. The study includes a section outlining the objectives of the research, the hypothesis to be assessed, and the theoretical framework and research methodology followed. After that, the second section starts with an analysis of Egyptian political economy to contextualise the relevance and structures affecting the case study. In that section, the role of Gulf capital is explored, together with the trends experienced in debt and FDI under Sisi’s regime. Following that, the case study of Ras al-Hikma project is studied in three different sections including a first exposition of the case, an analysis of the developmental goals and consequences and an examination of financialization and foreign capital in this case. At the end, the conclusions summarize the main findings of the research.
Analysing Egypt-UAE relations, it is intended to study current capital flows and new structures of power in the context of globalisation, regional integration and the crisis of capital accumulation. This article argues that Ras al-Hikma embodies a turning point in Egypt’s dependency track, where foreign FDI from Gulf actors, especially the UAE, consolidates a spatially embedded form of domination. Unlike previous cycles of debt-driven dependency, this model operates through the privatization of land, real estate speculation, and megaprojects promoted under military-led developmentalism. In this research, a political economy approach is followed, considering a renewed dependency approach mainly from Adam Hanieh, Amr Adly and Roberto Roccu, together with a critical geography perspective. In this sense, the article focuses on the causes and consequences of Egypt's role in the expansion of Gulf capital and the implications for the Egyptian population of growing dependence on FDI, which represents an even greater loss of sovereignty than indebtedness.
Considering Egypt’s politico-economic trajectory, its integration in the international economic order and the development of dependency on debt and FDI, a framework for analysing the reasons and implications for the biggest FDI influx in Egyptian history is constructed. Liberalization started in the 1970s and deepened in the 1990s, with the first IMF-led structural adjustment plan integrating the Egyptian economy as a subordinate actor in the international division of labour, leading to increasing dependency on debt, successive devaluation of the Egyptian pound, deregulation in all matters and increasing inequality and poverty rates, among others. Inside this trajectory, Sisi’s regime initiated a reintegration into the global economy (after the economic crisis following the 2011 revolution and instability) through greater indebtedness, mainly through the IMF, conditional on severe austerity measures implemented with harsh repression and a turn in public discourse towards developmentalism. In this context, FDI has become increasingly necessary to sustain the current dependent economic model and alleviate temporary macroeconomic distress. As a consequence, the Emirati investment in Ras al-Hikma exposes Sisi’s current regime as a necessary mediator to implement the mandates of international capital, with an expanding presence in the country. On its side, capital accumulation in the contemporary Gulf should be understood as a spatial and relational process that connects local dynamics with broader regional and global structures. Global financialization has manifested in the regional dynamics as an expansion and accumulation of Gulf financial capital towards non-Gulf Arab countries, such as Egypt.
As such, the qualitative case-study approach reveals current trends in Egyptian political economy: under Sisi, not only has debt increased steadily, but FDI has also gained an increasingly important role for the Egyptian economy, acting nowadays as a complement to foreign debt. Ras al-Hikma reveals a mutation in dependency considering the role of GCC capital as a focus of accumulation, mainly in the real estate industry, through sovereign holdings investments, and its capacity to shape Egypt’s economic and urban landscape, with the subsequent value imprint and consequences for the Egyptian population in terms of local displacement, and elitist and exclusionary development model implementation. Ras al-Hikma is part of a long-standing trend in which large-scale urban development functions as tools of authoritarian consolidation and foreign capital integration, rather than inclusive developmental transformation. It is a clear case of GCC capital expansion, which seems to be aligning GCC core interests and rhetoric with those of international financial institutions, backed by a legal and repressive framework that makes it possible.
Therefore, Ras al-Hikma appears as a paradigmatic case of how authoritarian regimes deploy urban megaprojects to attract foreign capital, reassert control over national territory, and consolidate regime legitimacy, while losing territorial sovereignty and being the necessary mediator for achieving the needs of transnational capital, something that is not new or specific to Egypt. The case provides a lens through which to explore the deeper transformations in Egypt’s political economy, particularly its increasing dependence on Gulf capital, its adoption of exclusionary spatial forms, and how state power and capital become fused through exceptional legal and institutional frameworks. In sum, the Ras al-Hikma project, in a context of deteriorating material conditions of the majority of the population, is a perfect reflection of how relations of production, in this case, at the regional scale, are reflected in the land, producing a new city from scratch with a top-down design, the expulsion of local population through expropriation and relocation and the future exclusion of most Egyptians to access the facilities and modes of living to be constructed. Furthermore, this case allows us to show the mutation that has occurred with regard to Egypt’s structural dependency, making debt and FDI dependency complements rather than substitutes.
