Brexit and disintegration: what else?

• Autores: Sergio Pagliazzo
• Localización: Revista General de Derecho Europeo, ISSN-e 1696-9634, Nº. 68, 2026
• Idioma: español
• Texto completo no disponible (Saber más ...)
• Referencias bibliográficas
  • ABTA (2023). Travel industry calls for improved UK-EU employee mobility arrangements. ABTA, 14-6-2023.
  • ABTA (2024). 'We’ve moved the dial on youth mobility'. ABTA, 23-4-2024.
  • Acuerdo de Comercio y Cooperación entre la Unión Europea y la Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica, por una parte, y el Reino Unido de...
  • Aldecoa Luzárraga, F. (2017). Relevancia del Brexit. Problema y oportunidad para la Unión Europea y su política exterior. La Albolafia: Revista...
  • Aldecoa Luzárraga, F. y González Alonso, L. N. (Eds.) (2023), La Unión Europea frente a la agresión a Ucrania, Madrid, La Catarata.
  • Atkinson, A. (2023). Brexit is costing the UK £100 Billion a year in lost output. Bloomberg, 30-1-2023.
  • Baker Tilly Kirk (2023). Why UK Businesses have moved to Ireland post Brexit. Baker Tilly Kirk, 14-4-2023.
  • Bakker, A., Drent, M. y Zandee, D. (2017). European defence: how to engage the UK after Brexit?. Clingendael Report, The Hague, Netherlands...
  • Bakker, J. D., Datta, N., De Lyon, J., Opitz, L. y Yang D. (2022). Post-Brexit imports, supply chains, and the effect on consumer prices....
  • Bakker, J. D., De Lyon, J., Datta N., y Davies, R. (2025). Jue Insight: Brexit, Non-Tariff Barriers and Consumer Prices, 1-26. Disponible...
  • Bailey, D. (2023). Electric vehicle tariff delay would be welcomed by car makers. UK in a changing Europe, 6-12-2023.
  • Bailey, D. y De Propris, L. (2017). Brexit and the UK automotive industry. National Institute Economic Review, 242(1), 51-59. Disponible en:...
  • Bank of England (2025). State of trade - speech by Andrew Bailey. BoE, 29-5-2025.
  • Bar Cendón, A. (2017). El Reino Unido y la Unión Europea: Inicio y Fin de una Relación Atormentada. Teoría y Realidad Constitucional (40),...
  • Barnard, C. (2024). It ain’t free movement: an EU-UK youth mobility scheme?. UK in a changing Europe, 7-5-2024.
  • Barnes, J. y Hymas, C. (2025). Starmer considers EU visa deal for under-30s. The Telegraph, 3-2-2025.
  • Berg, A., Bond, I. y Grant, C. (2025). Not a summit of ambition. Center for European Reform, 12-5-2025.
  • Birnie, E. (2025). Economic expert says EU deal won't remove all sea border trade frictions relating to goods. Belfast Live, 21-5-2025.
  • Birnie, E. y Brownlow, G. (2021). How is Brexit affecting Northern Ireland’s economy?. Economics Observatory, 1-2-2021.
  • British Chambers of Commerce (2024). The Trade and Cooperation Agreement four years on: A manifesto to reset UK-EU trade. britishchambers.org,...
  • British Council (2023). EU prospective international students. britishcouncil.org, Insights Report.
  • Burden, L. (2022). Brexit explica el 80% de la inflación en el Reino Unido, dijo exfuncionario del BOE (traducido por Salazar, M.). Bloomberg...
  • Calder S. (2024). Brexit ban on European ID cards is a ‘disastrous act of economic self-harm’, says tourism boss. The Independent, 19-3-2024.
  • Campbell, J. (2022). Some steel exports from Great Britain to Northern Ireland face 25% tariff. BBC News, 25-8-2022.
  • Carroll, R. (2021). Northern Ireland facing food supply disruption over Brexit, MPs told. The Guardian, 6-1-2021.
  • CEBR (2024). UK economy facing £2.8 billion shortfall in tourist spending but policy reversal could help to plug the gap [blog]. 19-8-2024.
  • Clark, D. (2025a). Value of trade in goods with the European Union in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 2000 to 1st quarter 2025. Statista,...
  • Clark, D. (2025b). Quarterly gross domestic product of the Republic of Ireland from 1st quarter 2019 to 1st quarter 2025. Statista, 2025....
  • Clun, R. (2025). Who is in Starmer’s Coalition of the Willing? European leaders meet to discuss Ukraine-Russia war. The Independent, 28-3-2025.
  • Coates, D. (1982). Britain in the 1970s: Economic Crisis and the Resurgence of Radicalism. En Cox, A. (eds.) Politics, Policy and the European...
  • Coleman, C. (2025). Youth Mobility Schemes. UK Parliament - House of Lords Library, 27-1-2025.
  • Colley, L. (2014). Acts of union and disunion. Profile Books.
  • Conway, E. (2025). UK-EU deal tips Britain down path towards Swiss-style arrangement. Sky News, 20-5-2025.
  • Cooke, M. (2025). Londoners should be able to live and work in EU countries, Sadiq Khan says. The Independent, 18-2-2025.
  • Crisp, J., Barnes, J. y Samuel, H. (2025). Starmer wants Britain treated like EU member in €800bn defence plan. The Telegraph, 18-3-2025.
  • Daddow, O. (2012). The UK media and ‘Europe’: from permissive consensus to destructive dissent. International Affairs, 88(6), 1219-1236.
  • Davies, N. (2022). Is Northern Ireland living up to its post-Brexit potential? Investment Monitor, 11-10-2022.
  • De Miguel, R. (2025). El Reino Unido anuncia que aumentará hasta el 2,5% del PIB su gasto en defensa para 2027. El País, 25-2-2025.
  • Dezcallar, J. (2017). El Brexit, una oportunidad para Europa. Política Exterior, 31(176), 104-114.
  • Dhingra, S. y Sampson, T. (2022). Expecting Brexit. Annual Review of Economics, 14(1), 495-519.
  • Donnelly, S. (2022). Post-Brexit financial services in the EU. Journal of European Public Policy, 30(5), 787-806. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2022.2061579.
  • Du, J. y Shepotylo, O. (2024). Brexit and the Services Trade - A Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Service Research, 1-2. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/10946705241271384
  • Du, J., Shepotylo, O. y Yuan, X. (2025). How did the Brexit uncertainty impact services exports of UK firms?. Journal of International Business...
  • English, P. (2025). First YouGov MRP since 2024 election shows a hung parliament with Reform UK as largest party. YouGov, 26-5-2025.
  • Eurostat (2020). EU population in 2020: almost 448 million. News release 111/2020, 10-7-2020.
  • Expansión (2025). Descienden los tipos de interés en Reino Unido. Datosmacro, 2025. Consultado: 16-4-2025.
  • Fairfax, T. (2024). British farming is already in a grim state. Labour’s new measures will only make it worse. The Guardian, 12-11-2024.
  • Feás, E. y Anchuelo, A. (2021). Las claves del Acuerdo de Comercio y Cooperación entre la UE-27 y el Reino Unido. Real Instituto Elcano, ARI...
  • Fernández Sánchez, P. A. (2020). La retirada del Reino Unido de la UE, un viaje hacia ninguna parte. Araucaria, Revista Iberoamericana de...
  • Fernández Sola, N. (2019). EU Citizen Rights in the Post-Brexit United Kingdom. A Legal Explanation, 1-26.
  • Freeman, R., Garofalo, M., Longoni, E., Manova, K., Mari, R., Prayer, T. y Sampson, T. (2025). Deep integration and trade: UK firms in the...
  • Gard, J. (2025). Turbulencias en los bonos británicos. Morning Star, 10-1-2025.
  • Gascón Marcén, A., (2020). La regulación del flujo de datos personales entre la Unión Europea y el Reino Unido tras el Brexit. Cuadernos de...
  • George, S. (1990). An awkward partner: Britain in the European Community. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gostyńska-Jakubowska, A., y von Ondarza, N. (2020). The Barnier method: Lessons learned from the EU’s institutional approach to the Brexit...
  • Goudie, S. (2023). The Broken Plate 2023: The state of the nation’s food system. The Food Foundation, 27-6-2023.
  • Gowland, D. (2016). Britain and the European Union. Routledge (First edition), 199-218 y 296-297.
  • Grabbe, H. (2025). How has the 19 May summit changed EU-UK relations?. Bruegel, 26-5-2025.
  • Guinea Llorente, M. (2021). La Unión Europea entre desintegración e integración: Brexit y pandemia. Confluências - Revista Interdisciplinar...
  • Guirao, F. (2019). Brexit e integración europea: un binomio conceptualmente útil. Ayer 113(1), 330.
  • Gürünlü, M. (2024). An evaluation of the economic impact of Brexit. En Academic Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities, Lyon, İ. Serbestoğlu...
  • Hagopian, A. y Devlin, K. (2025). The damning statistics that reveal the true cost of Brexit, five years on. The Independent, 31-1-2025.
  • Harcourt, A. (2023). Brexit and the Digital Single Market. Oxford University Press, 2023, 1-22.
  • Harte, L. (2022). Northern Ireland Census 2021 results: Population more diverse than ever before. Belfast Live, 22-9-2022.
  • Harvey, C. y Basset, M. (2022). Making the Case for Irish Unity in the EU. GUE/NGL European Parliamentary Group.
  • Hayward, K. (2024). Northern Ireland is in acute crisis and treatment is being withheld. UK in a changing Europe, 18-1-2024.
  • Hayward, K. y Rosher, B. (2024). Political identities and aspirations in Northern Ireland. ARK 155, June 2024.
  • Heussaff, C., McWilliams, B. y Tagliapietra, S. (2024). Identifying areas for EU-UK energy and climate cooperation. Bruegel, 26-9-2024, 1-12.
  • Höller, M. (2021). The human component in social media and fake news: the performance of UK opinion leaders on Twitter during the Brexit campaign....
  • Huber, J. (2019). EU citizens in post-Brexit UK: the case for automatic naturalization. Journal of European Integration,, 41(6), 801-816.
  • Hunsaker, S. (2024). What’s the story with UK trade in 2024 so far?. UK in a changing Europe, 12-9-2024.
  • ICEX (2024). Guía de incentivos a la implantación en Irlanda, Estudio realizado por Carlos Flor Moliné bajo la supervisión de la Oficina Económica...
  • International Monetary Fund (2025). General government gross debt: Percent of GDP.
  • Jiménez Jiménez, I. D. (2024). Post-Brexit Tourism: Customer Perspectives. En Entrepreneurial Innovation in the International Business of...
  • Joyce, T. (2025). Fruit and veg avoid Brexit border chaos. Fresh Produce Journal, 2-6-2025.
  • Kandilaptis, D. (2025). The EU’s exclusion from Russia-Ukraine peace talks & what’s next for Europe. ENA - Institute for alternative policies,...
  • Kaiser, J. (2024). Youth mobility deal may be key to EU-UK relations. The Parliament Magazine, 4-10-2024.
  • Kochenov, D. (Ed.). (2017). EU citizenship and federalism: the role of rights. Cambridge University Press, 3-82.
  • Kren, J. y Lawless, M. (2024). How has Brexit changed EU-UK trade flows. European Economic Review, 161. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104634.
  • Laget, E. y Deuss, A. (2023). Sanitary and Phytosanitary Approval Procedures: Key Issues, Their Impact on Trade, and Ways to Address Them....
  • Linde Paniagua, E. (2017). Una Unión Europea a varias velocidades: ¿un eslabón más de la construcción europea, o el fin de la utopía? Revista...
  • López Garrido, D. y Ruiz Campillo, X. (2017). La Defensa Europea después del Brexit. OPEX, Documento de Trabajo del Observatorio de Política...
  • López-Jurado Romero De La Cruz, C. (2018). El Estado de Derecho en la acción exterior de la Unión Europea en los Balcanes Occidentales. En...
  • Lyons, E. (2025). Trump questions NATO allies' will for collective defense while casting doubt on U.S.' own treaty commitment. CBS...
  • Mangas Martín, A. (2017). Retirada de un Estado de una organización internacional: los procesos del Brexit. En Anales de la Real Academia...
  • Marshall, H. y Drieschova, A. (2018). Post-truth politics in the UK's Brexit referendum. New Perspectives, 26(3), 89-105.
  • Martin, G., Desmond, A. y Donaldson, R. (2022). Labour Productivity in Northern Ireland. UUEPC Briefing Paper, December 2022, 1-30.
  • McCarty, J. (2022). CENSUS: Catholic percentage of population overtakes Protestant as British-only identity plummets. Belfast Media, 22-9-2022.
  • Menon, A. (2008). Europe: the State of the Union. Grove Atlantic.
  • Menon, A. (2017). Why the British Chose Brexit: Behind the Scenes of the Referendum. Foreign Affairs, 96(6), 122-126.
  • Migration Advisory Committee (2023). Review of the shortage occupation list. October 2023, 14.
  • Mitchell, A. (2025). Young Britons ‘to be given chance to live and work in Europe’ under Starmer’s plan for post-Brexit reset. The Independent,...
  • Moore, H. L. y Norman, H. (2025). Food in the UK: Addressing Food Insecurity in the 21st Century. IGP Working Papers, UCL Institute for Global...
  • Moyano Estrada, E. (2016). Brexit e integración europea. Alternativas Económicas (35), 45-47.
  • Naddeo, G. (2023). L’impatto della Brexit sulla dimensione politica della cittadinanza europea: focus sul diritto di voto alle elezioni locali...
  • Nevskij, S. (2013). «British disease»: the factors of the economic crisis in the UK in 1970. Ekonomicheskaya Politika/Economic Policy, 38-61.
  • Ni Aodha, G. (2025). New Brexit rules risk leaving "gaps on shelves" in Northern Ireland. MarketScreener, 12-3-2025.
  • Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2024). Economic output statistics. NISRA, 19-12-2024.
  • O'Carroll, L. y Adams, R. (2023). Number of EU students enrolling in UK universities halves post-Brexit. The Guardian, 27-1-2023.
  • O’Leary, B. (2024). Making Sense of a United Ireland. Should It Happen? How Might It Happen?. Dublin, Penguin Random House.
  • O’Sullivan, D. y Khatsenkova, S. (2025). French President Macron announces plan for 'reassurance force' in Ukraine. Euronews, 27-3-2025.
  • Pagliazzo, S. (2024). ¿Integración o desintegración? La salida del Reino Unido de la Unión Europea: causas, implicaciones y perspectivas....
  • Pozo Serrano, P. (2020). Las repercusiones del Brexit sobre el proceso de paz de Irlanda del Norte: consideraciones provisionales. Revista...
  • Ramos, R. (2024). La economía del Reino Unido sale de la recesión pero el despegue es tímido. La Vanguardia, 13-5-2024.
  • Reid, A. (2019). Buses and breaking point: Freedom of expression and the ‘Brexit’campaign. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 22, 623-637.
  • Ross, N. y Freemont, L. (2022). Regulating the Digital Economy after Brexit, what is the UK's approach?. techUK news and views, 3-2-2022.
  • Ryan, B. (2001). The common travel area between Britain and Ireland. The Modern Law Review, 64(6), 855-874.
  • Sánchez Tapia, S (2022). La relación hispano-británica en materia de seguridad y defensa después del Brexit. Documento de Trabajo Serie Unión...
  • Santa Cruz, J. y Dunford, D. (2024). 'A haemorrhaging of public servants out of Northern Ireland': The impact of years without a govt....
  • Sarrión Esteve, J. (2013). La libre circulación de personas como derecho fundamental de los ciudadanos en la Unión Europea. Panorama Social...
  • Schwarz, K. (2024). Northern Ireland PEACE PLUS programme. Página oficial del Parlamento Europeo, 4-2024.
  • Simionescu, M., Horobet, A., y Dalu (Ionescu), M. A. (2025). Navigating uncertainty: the effects of Brexit on foreign direct investment in...
  • Simoncini, M. (2022). Profili costituzionali della giurisprudenza europea sulla Brexit. FEDERALISMI.IT, (10), 124-125.
  • Singleton, S. (2024). The social and economic impact of Brexit across Northern Ireland, Brussels-Dublin, Policy Study published by the Foundation...
  • Smith, M. (2025). Few Britons think Brexit has been good for anything. YouGov, 31-1-2025. Statista (2015). Porcentaje del total de las contribuciones...
  • Suanzes, P. R. (2022). Bruselas lanza cuatro expedientes más a Londres por no aplicar el Protocolo de Irlanda. El Mundo, 22-7-2022.
  • Sumption, M. (2022). How is the end of free movement affecting the low-wage labour force in the UK?. En J. Portes, J. (ed.). The economics...
  • Times Higher Education (2025). Best Universities in Europe. THE, 15-5-2025. Consultado: 15-5-2025.
  • Top Universities (2025). QS World University Rankings: Europe 2025. Consultado: 25-5-2025.
  • Trading Economics (2025a). Reino Unido - Tasa de inflación (1989-2025). Disponible en: https://es.tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/inflation-cpi....
  • Trading Economics (2025b). United Kingdom Inactivity Rate. Disponible en: https://tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/inactivity-rate. Consultado:...
  • Trading Economics (2025c). United Kingdom Car Production. Disponible en: https://tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/car-production. Consultado:...
  • Troitiño, D. R. (2021). La «Década Digital» de la Unión Europea: desarrollos e impactos sobre su ciudadanía y economía, IDP - Revista d'Internet,...
  • U.S. News & World Report (2025). 2024-2025 Best Global Universities in Europe. Consultado: 15-5-2025.
  • Uddin, M., Chowdhury, A. y Wood, G. (2022). The resilience of the British and European goods industry: Challenge of Brexit. Industrial and...
  • Vellano, M. (2021). La costruzione di una leadership mondiale dell’Unione europea attraverso il rafforzamento della sua politica di sicurezza...
  • Ventura, V. (2021). La guerra de las salchichas: Londres y Bruselas se enzarzan en la enésima batalla por el acuerdo del Brexit. El Economista,...
  • Ventura, V. (2023). Reino Unido se enfrenta a un año de recesión tras perder un 5% de su PIB por el Brexit, según los analistas. El Economista,...
  • Vučković, V. (2023). La política de ampliación de la Unión Europea hacia los Balcanes Occidentales: ¿movimiento sin objetivo o adhesión con...
  • Warner, K. y Kassim, H. (2025). Youth mobility is not freedom of movement. UK in a changing Europe, 24-3-2025.
  • Webb, D. y Ward, M. (2024). Statistics on UK trade with the EU. Research Briefing, House of Commons Library, 23-8-2024.
  • Webber, E. (2024). 6 things UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer wants to fix in his first month. Politico, 8-7-2024.
  • Welfens, P. J. (2017). An accidental Brexit: New EU and transatlantic economic perspectives. Springer, 33-79.
  • Whitton, J. (2024). I feel more like a professional gambler’: British farmers reveal their twin struggles with climate change and mental health....
  • Wong, V. (2025). Starmer announces 'coalition of the willing' to guarantee Ukraine peace. BBC News, 3-3-2025.
  • Zhu, Q. (2024). The Impact of Immigration Policy on the British Labor Market after Brexit. Advances in Economics, Management and Political...