Las técnicas de defensa planetaria a la luz del derecho internacional y el necesario liderazgo del consejo de seguridad

• Autores: Christian Domínguez Expósito
• Localización: Revista electrónica de estudios internacionales (REEI), ISSN-e 1697-5197, Nº. 50, 2025
• Idioma: español
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Resumen

  • El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el peligro que representan los impactos cósmicos de Objetos Cercanos a la Tierra (NEOs) y la limitada atención que la sociedad internacional ha venido dedicando a este tema. Tras ello, se examinarán las técnicas de defensa planetaria actualmente disponibles para hacer frente a estos impactos, evaluando su conformidad con el derecho internacional, prestando especial atención al derecho internacional espacial como lex specialis en esta materia. Posteriormente, se abordará el carácter desestabilizador que dichos impactos pueden tener para la paz y la seguridad internacionales. En este contexto, se destacará el papel esencial que debería desempeñar el Consejo de Seguridad para enfrentar estos fenómenos cósmicos.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Ahrens, T. J., & Harris, A. W. (1992). Deflection and fragmentation of near-Earth asteroids. Nature, 360, pp. 429-433. https://doi.org/10.1038/360429a0
  • Alvarez, L. W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., & Michel, H. V. (1980). Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science,...
  • Andrews, V. P., Daou, D., & Johnson, L. N. (2021). The United States planetary defence program¬me: NASA and the planetary defense coordination...
  • Aoki, S. (2021). The use of force and planetary defence. En I. Marboe (Ed.), Legal Aspects of Plan¬etary Defence (p. 209-225). Brill Nijhoff....
  • Basart, J., & Wie, B. (2009). Mitigation of asteroid impact threats. IEEE Potentials, 28(5), pp. 10-13. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPOT.2009.933497
  • Beard, J. M. (2021). Nuclear non-proliferation and planetary defence: Competing potential disasters. En I. Marboe (Ed.), Legal Aspects of...
  • Bittencourt Neto, O. O. (2021). International bodies and procedures for decision-making re¬garding planetary defence actions. En I. Marboe...
  • Black-Branch, J. L. (2021). The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons: Legal Chal¬lenges for Military Doctrines and Deterrence Policies....
  • Boothby, W. H. (2015). Weapons, prohibited. En Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law. Oxford University Press. https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/...
  • Byers, M., & Boley, A. (2023). Who Owns Outer Space? International Law, Astrophysics, and the Sustainable Development of Space. Cambridge...
  • Chesley, S., & Chodas, P. (2015). Impact risk estimation and assessment scales. En J. N. Pelton & F. Allahdadi (Eds.), Handbook of...
  • CIJ (1996). Legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons: Advisory opinion of 8 July 1996.
  • CNEOS (s.f.). Glossary: au (Astronomical Unit). https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/glossary/au.html
  • Cocchini, A. (2023). Los ciberataques contra las infraestructuras críticas de los Estados ¿Cómo nos protege el Derecho internacional? En M.ª...
  • COPUOS (2012). Near-Earth objects, 2011-2012. Recommendations of the Action Team on Near-Earth Objects for an international response to the...
  • COPUOS (2013a). Near-Earth objects, 2012-2013. Final report of the Action Team on Near- Earth Objects. UN Doc. A/AC.105/C.1/L.330.
  • COPUOS (2013b). Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. UN Doc. A/68/20.
  • CSNU (2017). Resolución 2397. UN Doc. S/RES/2397 (2017).
  • De Wet, E. (2004). The Chapter VII Powers of the United Nations Security Council. Hart Publishing.
  • DPEJ (s.f.). Arma. https://dpej.rae.es/lema/arma
  • Droubi, S. (2014). Resisting United Nations Security Council Resolutions. Routledge.
  • ESA (s.f.). Space Safety Programme at 2022 Ministerial Council. https://www.esa.int/Spa-ce_Safety/Space_Safety_Programme_at_2022_Ministerial_Council
  • Faramiñán Gilbert, J. M. (2002). Reflexiones sobre la posible creación de una alta autoridad del espacio ultraterrestre. En Z. Drnas de Clément...
  • Faramiñán Gilbert, J. M. (2020). Las controvertidas cuestiones sobre la minería espacial. La¬gunas jurídicas en la regulación del espacio...
  • Faramiñán Gilbert, J. M. (2023a). La gobernanza espacial y la regulación del espacio ultra¬terrestre ante la irrupción de actores no estatales....
  • Faramiñán Gilbert, J. M. (2023b). Prólogo. En torno a la defensa planetaria. En E. Simó So¬ler & E. Peña Asensio (Coords.), Defensa Planetaria...
  • Fernández-Sánchez, P. A. (2022). Nuclear weapons and nuclear energy in new armed conflicts: Unfinished regulation. En P. A. Fernández-Sánchez...
  • Fillol Mazo, A. (2020). El hambre como riesgo y amenaza a la paz y seguridad internaciona¬les. Dykinson.
  • Green, J. A. (2019). Planetary defense: Near-Earth objects, nuclear weapons, and international law. Hastings International and Comparative...
  • Grieve, R. A. F., & Kring, D. A. (2007). The geologic record of destructive impact events on Earth. En P. Bobrowsky & H. Rickman (Eds.),...
  • Gutiérrez Espada, C. (1997). Los grandes retos del derecho del espacio ultraterrestre (Apro¬vechando el lanzamiento del “Minisat 01”). Anuario...
  • Gutiérrez Espada, C. (2004). El estado de necesidad cabalga de nuevo, REDI, 56(2), pp. 669-704.
  • Gutiérrez Espada, C. (2005). El hecho ilícito internacional. Dykinson.
  • Gutiérrez Espada, C. (2006). La militarización del espacio ultraterrestre. REEI, (12), pp. 1-30. https://doi.org/10.36151/
  • Gutiérrez Espada, C. (2020). ¿Existe (ya) un derecho aplicable a las actividades en el cibe¬respacio? En M.ª J. Cervell Hortal (Coord.), Nuevas...
  • Gutiérrez Espada, C., & Cervell Hortal, M.ª J. (2022). Derecho Internacional (Corazón y Fun¬ciones). Civitas-Thomson Reuters, Editorial...
  • Harris, A. (2021). Planetary defence technologies. En I. Marboe (Ed.), Legal Aspects of Plan¬etary Defence (pp. 35-46). Brill Nijhoff. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004467606_005
  • Harris, A. W., Boslough, M., Chapman, C. R., Drube, L., Michel, P., & Harris, A. W. (2015). Asteroid impacts and modern civilization:...
  • IAU (s.f.). Near Earth Objects. https://iauarchive.eso.org/public/themes/neo/
  • IAWN (s.f.). International Asteroid Warning Network. https://iawn.net/
  • Jakhu, R. S., & Pelton, J. N. (2017). Cosmic hazards and planetary defense. En R. S. Jakhu & J. N. Pelton (Eds.), Global Space Governance:...
  • Jonas, F. (2014). Nature of the threat/historical occurrence. En J. N. Pelton & F. Allahdadi (Eds.), Handbook of Cosmic Hazards and Planetary...
  • Jones, A. (02/07/2024). China targets its first planetary defense test mission. The Plane¬tary Society. https://www.planetary.org/articles/china-targets-its-first-planetary-defen¬se-test-mission
  • Jutzi, M., Raducan, S. D., Zhang, Y., Michel, P., & Arakawa, M. (2022). Constraining surface properties of asteroid (162173) Ryugu from...
  • King, P. K., Syal, M. B., Dearborn, D. S. P., Managan, R., Owen, J. M., & Raskin, C. (2021). Late-time small body disruptions for planetary...
  • Köberl, C., & Steinkogler, C. (2021). Near-Earth objects — Basic terms and characteristics. En I. Marboe (Ed.), Legal Aspects of Planetary...
  • Kolesnikov, E. M., Rasmussen, K. L., Hou, Q., Xie, L., & Kolesnikova, N. V. (2007). Nature of the Tunguska impactor based on peat material...
  • Koplow, D. A. (2019). Exoatmospheric Plowshares: Using a Nuclear Explosive Device for Pla¬netary Defense Against an Incoming Asteroid. UCLA...
  • Koplow, D. A. (2021). Legal Aspects of the Use of Nuclear Explosive Devices in Planetary Defence. En I. Marboe (Ed.), Legal Aspects of Planetary...
  • Koplow, D. A. (2024). Planetary Defense: The Nuclear Option Against Asteroids. Arms Con¬trol Today. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2024-04/features/planetary-defense-nu¬clear-option-against-asteroids
  • Koschny, D. (2021). ESA’s activities in planetary defence. En I. Marboe (Ed.), Legal Aspects of Planetary Defence (pp. 86-91). Brill Nijhoff....
  • Kunich, J. C. (1997). Planetary defense: the lawfulness of global survival. The Air Force Law Review, 119, pp. 119-162.
  • Liu, Y. (2023). Earth’s first line of defense: Establishing celestial body-based planetary defen¬se systems. International Law Studies, 100,...
  • Longo, G. (2007). The Tunguska event. En P. Bobrowsky & H. Rickman (Eds.), Comet/Aster¬oid Impacts and Human Society (pp. 303-330). Springer....
  • Lyson, T. R., Miller, I. M., Bercovici, A. D., Weissenburger, K., Fuentes, A. J., Clyde, W. C., Hagadorn, J. W., Butrim, M. J., Johnson, K....
  • Marchisio, S. (2018). Planetary defence operations under current international law. En 69th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2018)...
  • Morrison, D. (2019). Overview of active planetary defense methods. En N. Schmidt (Ed.), Planetary Defense: Global Collaboration for Defending...
  • NASA (2006). Near-Earth Object Survey and Deflection Study. https://www.hq.nasa.gov/offi¬ce/pao/FOIA/NEO_Analysis_Doc.pdf
  • NASA (2007). Near-Earth Object Survey and Deflection Analysis of Alternatives: Report to Congress. https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/171331main_neo_report_...
  • NASA (2023). Planetary Defense Strategy and Action Plan in Support of the National Pre¬paredness Strategy and Action Plan for Near-Earth Object...
  • OED (s.f.). Weapon. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/weapon_n?tab=meaning_and_use&tl=true
  • Orakhelashvili, A. (2008). Peremptory Norms in International Law. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546114.001.0001
  • Orakhelashvili, A. (2011). Collective Security. Oxford University Press. https://doi. org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579846.001.0001
  • Orozco Sáenz, M. (2012). Una organización mundial para el espacio ultraterrestre: Reflexio¬nes jurídicas relativas a su creación. Anuario...
  • Peña Asensio, E., Coronel Tarancón, A., & Simó Soler, E. (2023b). Prospectiva ante la ame¬naza de impacto cósmico: Escenarios de riesgo...
  • Peña Asensio, E., Trigo-Rodríguez, J. M., De León, J., & Rimola, A. (2023a). Introducción a la amenaza de impacto cósmico. En E. Simó...
  • Poole, B. G. (2020). Against the nuclear option: Planetary defence under international space law. Air and Space Law, 45(1), pp. 55-80. https://doi.org/10.54648/aila2020004
  • Pop, V. (2013). Legal considerations on asteroid exploitation and deflection. En V. Badescu (Ed.), Asteroids: Prospective Energy and Material...
  • Popova, O. P. (2021). Chelyabinsk meteorite. En Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Sci¬ence. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.22
  • Popova, O. P., Jenniskens, P., Emel’yanenko, V., Kartashova, A., Biryukov, E., Khaibrakh¬manov, S., Shuvalov, V., Rybnov, Y., Dudorov, A.,...
  • Rumpf, C. M. (2019). Asteroid impact risk assessment: Rationalizing the threat. En N. Schmi¬dt (Ed.), Planetary Defense: Global Collaboration...
  • Sanchez, J. P., Vasile, M., & Radice, G. (2010). Consequences of asteroid fragmentation du¬ring impact hazard mitigation. Journal of Guidance,...
  • Schmidt, N., & Švec, M. (2019). Dilemmas for planetary defense posed by the current inter¬national law framework. En N. Schmidt (Ed.),...
  • Schmidt, N., Entrena Utrilla, C. M., Boháček, P., Silva-Martínez, J., & Worden, P. (2019). The multipurpose lunar base as a first-line...
  • Simó Soler, E. (2024). Registros de impacto: De Chicxulub a la actualidad. En J. M. Trigo Ro¬dríguez & Y. Bustos Moreno (Dirs.), Meteoritos:...
  • SMPAG (2019). Terms of reference for the Near-Earth Object Threat Mitigation Space Mission Planning Advisory Group. https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/smpag/terms_of_reference_v2
  • SMPAG (s.f.). Space Mission Planning Advisory Group. https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/sm¬pag#
  • SMPAG Ad-Hoc Working Group on Legal Issues (2020). Planetary Defence Legal Over¬view and Assessment. https://www.cosmos.esa.int/documents/336356/336472/SM¬PAG-RP-004_1_0_SMPAG_legal_report_2020-04-08.pdf
  • Su, J. (2015). Measures proposed for planetary defence: Obstacles in existing international law and implications for space arms control. Space...
  • Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos de COPUOS (2013). Report of the Scientific and Techni¬cal Subcommittee on its fiftieth session, held in...
  • Syal, M. B., Dearborn, D. S. P., & Schultz, P. H. (2013). Limits on the use of nuclear explosives for asteroid deflection. Acta Astronautica,...
  • Torrecuadrada García-Lozano, S. (2010). El control de legalidad de las decisiones del Consejo de Seguridad. Agenda Internacional, 17(28),...
  • Torrecuadrada García-Lozano, S. (2012). La expansión de las funciones del Consejo de Seguri¬dad de Naciones Unidas: problemas y posibles soluciones....
  • Tronchetti, F. (2015). International legal consideration of cosmic hazards and planetary defen¬se. En J. N. Pelton & F. Allahdadi (Eds.),...
  • Tyler, P. E. (27 de abril de 1996). Chinese seek atom option to fend off asteroids. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/27/world/chinese-seek-atom-option-to-fend-off-asteroids.html
  • UNOOSA (2023). Near-Earth Objects and Planetary Defence. United Nations. https://www.unoo-sa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2023/stspace/stspace73_0_html/st-space-073E.pdf
  • Vlasic, I. A. (1991). The legal aspects of peaceful and non-peaceful uses of outer space. En B. Jasani (Ed.), Peaceful and Non-Peaceful Uses...
  • Von der Dunk, F. (2021). The 2010 report on legal aspects of NEO threat response and related institutional issues. En I. Marboe (Ed.), Legal...
  • Wie, B. (2013). Hypervelocity nuclear interceptors for asteroid disruption. Acta Astronautica, 90 (1), pp. 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.04.028